Libertarians Unethical in Respect to Poverty Essay example

Poverty in the United States has long been a social, political, and human rights issue. Few people would say that it is not our moral duty, as social human beings to take care of those less fortunate than ourselves, to the best of our ability. I say few because there are some people out there who believe that we have no moral obligation to do anything outside of ourselves. These types of people have what is called a libertarian viewpoint. There is really no specific definition of libertarian, but it is associates justice with liberty and†¦liberty itself with the absence of interference by other persons. In relation to the matter at hand, specifically poverty in America, libertarians are against taxing the affluent or forcing†¦show more content†¦Even though many people are dying from starvation and malnutrition, Noziks theory of justice states that one has no obligation to help those people. The previous premise comes to form Noziks entitlement theory. Simply put, this theory states that people are entitled to their belongings and may use them as they wish, as long as they have fairly acquired them and have not violated anothers Lockean rights in the process. His theory is summarized as follows: 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding. 2. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. Relating to poverty, libertarians feel that no matter how the actual distribution of economic holdings may look, if all involved are entitled to the holdings they possess, then the distribution is just. In addition, libertarians would be against government intervention in a society to either improve the social situation or economic situation. They feel that to tweak the economy, so to speak, would involve violating someones liberty, and therefore would make it morally unacceptable. By definition, libertarianism requires that market relations are totally unrestricted. This means that interferingShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Individual Responsibility And Freedom928 Words   |  4 Pagesof individual responsibility and freedom were brought into full swing. 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He happened to mention this to his friend James Watt, and three years later, Watt’s sidekick â€Å"invented† coal gas. Dundonald died in poverty. However, even when you get what you’re looking for and you know you’ve got it, things can go haywire. Take Benjamin Huntsman, clockmaker, looking for a better clock spring in 1740 because pendulum clocks were no good at sea and you needed a clockRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesout of the kiln. In fact, he’d even been lighting them and generally playing around, shooting flames out of a tube. He happened to mention this to his friend James Watt, and three years later, Watt’s sidekick â€Å"invented† coal gas. Dundonald died in poverty. Howev er, even when you get what you’re looking for and you know you’ve got it, things can go haywire. Take Benjamin Huntsman, clockmaker, looking for a better clock spring in 1740 because pendulum clocks were no good at sea and you needed a clockRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesliving, and never had so many been so impoverished or died of malnutrition and disease. If the period from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and

Psychology Free Essays

string(168) " By using two images of the same scene obtained from slightly different angles, it is possible to triangulate the distance to an object with a high degree of accuracy\." The Use of Depth Perception in Advertising: Local and International Scenario i The Use of Depth Perception in Advertising: Local and International Scenario Prepared for: Dr. Nasreen Wadud (Course Instructor) Course: Psychology (C103) Prepared by: GROUP-B Saleh Mohammad, ZR-04 Saba Hossain Khan, RQ-07 Sheikh Ashraful Abedin, ZR-11 Abdullah-Al-Azad, ZR-49 BBA 16th Batch Date of Submission: December 15, 2008 Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Dhaka University (DU) ii Institute of Business Administration Dhaka University December 15, 2008 Dr. Nasreen Wadud Course Instructor Introduction to Psychology Dear Madam: Here is the report on the use of depth perception in advertising that you asked us to conduct on November 12, 2008 Our study of various advertisements reveal the use of Binocular Disparity and Monocular cues in advertising. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The report shows that depth perception is a vital part of marketing a product and is used extensively in advertising a brand. Preparing this report has been an important experience for us, as we have learnt about an application of psychology in the real business world through it. We appreciate your teaching us such an important area of psychology. Sincerely yours, _________________________________ Saleh Mohammad (ZR-04) __________________________________ Saba Hossain Khan (RQ-07) __________________________________ Sheikh Ashraful Abedin (ZR-11) __________________________________ Abdullah- Al-Azad (ZR-49) iii Table of contents Section Title Page No. Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1. 1 Origin Of The Report 1. 2 Objective 1. 3 Limitations 1. 4 Methodology 2. Depth Perception 2. 1 Binocular Disparity: 2. 1. 1 Retinal Disparity 2. 1. 2 Convergence 2. 2 Monocular Cues: 2. 2. 1 Interposition 2. 2. 2 Texture Gradient 2. 2. 3 Relative Size 2. 2. 4 Height Cues 2. 2. Peripheral Vision 3. Ap plication In Advertisement 3. 1 Local Advertisements 3. 1. 1 Rangs Properties Limited 3. 1. 2 Djuice vi 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 05 06 06 06 07 iv 3. 1. 3 Bbc Bangla 3. 1. 4 Aktel Postpaid 1 Tk/Min 3. 1. 5 Aktel 30 Paisa/Min 3. 1. 6 Banglalink Gsm Yellow Pages 3. 1. 7 Aktel Care Line 3. 2 International Advertisements 3. 2. 1 Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund 3. 2. 2 Mtv System Upgrade 3. 2. 3 Evlan Mineral Water 4. Conclusion 08 09 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 v Executive Summary Our study revealed that depth perception is used extensively in the advertising world. Depth Perception is what makes us perceive a two-dimensional picture into a threedimensional view. To perceive depth, we depend on two main sources of information: Binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires both eyes, and Monocular cues, which allow us to perceive depth with just one eye. Because human eyes are spaced about 7 cm (about 3 in) apart, the left and right retinas receive slightly different images. This difference in the left and right images is called binocular disparity. The brain integrates these two images into a single threedimensional image, allowing humans to perceive depth and distance. Under Binocular Disparity falls Retinal disparity and Convergence. If we try to see the world with one eye closed, we can still perceive distance. The sense of depth remains rich. A sharp sense of depth does emerge from a single twodimensional image. This is known as monocular cues. Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are included in Monocular Cues. Retinal disparity, Convergence, Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are used effectively on billboard to attract the general public and turn them into loyal customers. vi Use of Depth Perception in Advertising 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Origin of the report This report was assigned to Group B of BBA 16 th batch by Dr. Nasreen Wadud, course instructor of Introduction to Psychology. It has been prepared under the direct supervision of the course instructor and is submitted on December 15, 2008. 1. 2 Objective Depth perception, an important field of our study of psychology, is extensively used in advertising. Whether on billboards, in magazines, or in newspaper ads, the concept of depth perception is used everywhere. The purpose of this report is to find out and explain these uses. 1. 3 Limitations Due to lack of experience, we were unable to take interviews of the business personnel of marketing department of various companies. The interviews could have given us more important information on the application of depth perception in advertising. 1. 4 Methodology Website-Information on the theoretical aspect of depth perception and pictures are all collected from various websites (websites provided within the report). Newspaper-Scanned in pictures are used in the report from paper cuttings. 1 2. DEPTH PERCEPTION Depth perception is the ability to see the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. The images projected on each retina are two dimensional but we are able to see everything in three dimension. Brain merges the separate two-dimensional images to form a three-dimensional view of the world. To perceive depth, we depend on two main sources of information: Binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires both eyes, and Monocular cues, which allow us to perceive depth with just one eye. 2. 1 Binocular Disparity: Because human eyes are spaced about 7 cm (about 3 in) apart, the left and right retinas receive slightly different images. This difference in the left nd right images is called binocular disparity. The brain integrates these two images into a single threedimensional image, allowing humans to perceive depth and distance. Although binocular disparity is a very useful depth cue, it is only effective over a fairly short range—less than 3 m (10 ft). As our distance from objects increases, the binocular disparity decreases—that is, the images received by ea ch retina become more and more similar. Therefore, for distant objects, your perceptual system cannot rely on binocular disparity as a depth cue. 2. 1. 1 Retinal disparity Animals that have their eyes placed frontally can also use information derived from the different projection of objects onto each retina to judge depth. By using two images of the same scene obtained from slightly different angles, it is possible to triangulate the distance to an object with a high degree of accuracy. You read "Psychology" in category "Essay examples" If an object is far away, the disparity of that image falling on both retinas will be small. If the object is close or near, the disparity will be large. It is stereopsis that tricks people into thinking they perceive 2 depth when viewing Magic Eyes, Autostereograms, 3D movies and stereoscopic photos. . 1. 2 Convergence This is a binocular oculomotor cue for distance/depth perception. By virtue of stereopsis the two eye balls focus on the same object, in doing so they converge. The convergence will stretch the extraocular muscles. Kinesthetic sensations from these extraocular muscles also help in depth/distance percepti on. The angle of convergence is smaller when the eye is fixating on far away objects. 2. 2 Monocular cues: If we try to see the world with one eye closed, we can still perceive distance. The sense of depth remains rich. It is surprising that how a sharp ense of depth does emerge from a single two-dimensional image. The answer lies in monocular cues. An artist who wishes to realistically portray depth on a two-dimensional canvas faces the problem similar to encoding depth on the two-dimensional retina. Some artists are amazingly adroit at doing so, using a variety of monocular cues to give their works a sense of depth. While there are many kinds of monocular cues, the most important are interposition, atmospheric perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, size cues, height cues, depth from focus, peripheral vision, and motion parallax. 2. 2. Interposition Probably the most important monocular cue is interposition, or overlap. When one object overlaps or partly blocks our view of another object, we judge the covered object as being farther away from us. 2. 2. 2 Texture gradient An influential American psychologist, James J. Gibson, was among the first people to recognize the importance of texture gradient in perceiving depth. When we view a 3 surface from a slant rather than from a position orthogonal to the surface, we employ the sense of texture gradient. Most surfaces—such as the ground, a road, or a field of flowers—have a texture. The texture becomes denser and less detailed as the surface recedes into the background, and this information helps us to judge depth. For example, if a person looks at the floor or ground around him or her, he or she can notice that the apparent texture of the floor changes over distance. The texture of the floor near that person appears more detailed than the texture of the floor farther away. When objects are placed at different locations along a texture gradient, judging their distance from you becomes fairly easy. 2. 2. 3 Relative size Though the size of retinal image changes as an object moves closer to or farther from us, we perceive that the object is retaining its initial size. Taking into consideration the distance of the object enables us to sense that. Thus, if we assume that two objects are of the same size, we perceive the object that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away than the object that casts a larger retinal image. This depth cue is known as relative size, because we consider the size of an object? s retinal image relative to other objects when estimating its distance. Another depth cue involves the familiar size of objects. Through experience, we become familiar with the standard size of certain objects, such as houses, cars, airplanes, people, animals, books, and chairs. Knowing the size of these objects helps us judge our distance from them and from objects around them. For example, an automobile that is close to us looks larger than one that is far away; our visual system exploits the relative size of similar or familiar objects to judge distance. 2. 2. 4 Height cues We perceive points nearer to the horizon as more distant than points that are farther away from the horizon. This means that below the horizon, objects higher in the visual 4 ield appear farther away than those that are lower. Above the horizon, objects lower in the visual field appear farther away than those that are higher. 2. 2. 5 Peripheral vision At the outer extremes of the visual field, parallel lines become curved, as in a photo taken through a fish-eye lens. This effect, although it’s usually eliminated from both art and photos by the cropping or framing of a picture, greatly enhances the viewer’s sense of being positioned within a real, three dimensional spaces. 5 3. APPLICATION IN ADVERTISEMENT 3. 1 Local Advertisements 3. 1. Rangs Properties Limited Linear perspective: The two corners of the wall seem to join together in a distant point. It creates a sense of large space. The advertisement uses this cue to create an impression that the rooms are large and spacious. Interposition: Some objects are overlapping others blocking the viewer sight. It helps to determine the relative distance of the objects. The advertisement uses this cue to show the objects are kept at noticeable distance and it indicates there is space. Relative size: The sizes of the two guitars seem noticeably small compared to the table according to our experience. This cue makes us perceive a considerable distance between the table and the guitars to show the place is roomy. Texture gradient: The objects closer to the viewer have highly detailed texture where the farther objects and walls have vague textures. This cue also gives the feeling of considerable distance. Color vision: The guitars in the outlying side of the wall are dark in color where the closer objects like the top of the table and the closer curtain are light colored. The 6 curtain is orange colored (warm-pigment). This cue creates a sense of distance among the objects and enhances the spaciousness of the scenario. . 1. 2 Djuice Retinal disparity: The positions of the characters relative to the buildings give a sense of the whole picture being seen by the right eye. The viewer feels as if s/he were standing right to the closest model. „Right? is traditionally analogous to positive things and therefore things seen by the right eye are likely to produce good impression. Line ar perspective: The building at the left seems to expand toward one single point in the horizon and the building in the front also touches that point. It looks as if the buildings were expanding to join together in one point of distant horizon. The advertisement uses this cue to produce a sense of distance. Height cues: Buildings that stand high and look closer to the horizon seem farther and the clouds that are located lower to the ground and look closer to horizon seem to at greater distance. The advertisement uses this cue to create a sense of wide area. Texture gradient: The textures of closer objects, like the nearer models, are detailed but the objects far away are less detailed in texture. The models standing in remote buildings have no texture details. The advertisement uses texture gradient cue so that the viewers perceive a great distance. Linear perspective, height cues and texture gradients altogether creates a sense of a large space through which the advertisement expresses that no matter the distance, friends will always be together through the djuice network. Interposition: Some models and buildings are blocking view of other objects to give a sense that to viewer, they are closer than the objects they are co vering. This cue helps to realize the relative distance of different objects. 3. 1. 3 BBC Bangla Retinal disparity: The child looks like standing left to the viewer. The whole scene looks like seen by the left eye. The advertisement uses this cue to create a negative impression since „Left? is traditionally taken as related to negative things. Relative size: The size of the child in the picture is small compared to the brick he is supposed to carry. This cue of relative size creates a sense of burden. It indicates that the burden of child labor is heavy for the kid. Interposition: The view of the person putting the load is blocked by bricks. It shows that it is difficult to find out the presence of the person. This monocular cue indicates that people responsible for child labor are hidden and should be brought into light. Texture gradient: The textures of the bricks kept in the front and floor are detailed but the objects farther away have less detailed texture and are hazy. It gives a feeling of distance. It depicts the person putting the burden usually stays at a distance. 8 3. 1. 4 AKTEL postpaid 1 TK/min Retinal disparity: The whole picture in this advertisement presents itself in a way that looks like all the objects are located right to the observer. Most parts of the picture, especially the nearer buildings and the big „1? , look like being seen by the right eye. Traditionally „right? is considered parallel to good things. The advertisement uses this cue to create a positive impression among consumers. Linear perspective: All the buildings on both sides of the river look like traveling toward one point in the horizon. It gives a sense of great distance to viewer. Peripheral vision: The horizon looks curved. It also produces a sense of distance. Height cues: Buildings that are taller and closer to the horizon seem to be at greater distance than those with reduced height. The clouds that are closer to the horizon and lower look like farther than those far-away from horizon. The height cues give a sense of a wide area. Texture gradient: The objects (buildings and trees) closer to the viewers are highly detailed in texture where the remote objects have little detailed texture and their surface texture is dense. This cue gives sense of so many objects covered by the network. The linear perspective, peripheral vision, height cues, and texture gradient cues together indicate that a wide area and huge population is covered by the company? s? network. Relative Size: The „1? is noticeably huge compared to all other objects. The other important words are big as well. The relative size cue is used to give the offer emphasis. 9 Interposition: The „1? is covering many other parts of the picture and is located among the buildings. It gives a sense that the company has intimate relationship with the people. 3. 1. 5 AKTEL 30 paisa/min Relative size: The size of the models is large compared to surroundings. The advertisement clearly emphasizes the intimacy of their relationship. This cue is used to indicate that relationships are more important. Texture gradient: The nearer models and the grass is highly detailed in texture but the grass and trees near the horizon have less detailed texture, this indicates a distance among the objects. Peripheral visions: The horizon is curved and vague, indicates a distance. The texture gradient and peripheral visions cues are used to show that a large world of relationships is covered by the company? s network. Interposition: The girl is blocking our view of the boy; similarly the boy is blocking the view of the horizon. It enhances the sight of the models relative positions. This cue is used to show that the company cares more about the people. 3. 1. 6 Banglalink GSM Yellow Pages In the advertisement, there are examples of retinal disparity, interposition, relative size, texture gradient, and height cues. 0 The cover resembling a mobile phone is drawn in a way that it feels like being seen by the right eye. The right side indicates positive. Interposition is displayed as every page tag except the ones first inseries is being partially covered by another tag. It shows their distance from viewer and relative distances. The number 2727 is relatively larger than other numbers becaus e it is important. Relative size is used in this case. Height cues are displayed by using different heights for page numbers and the cover to show distance. 3. 1. AKTEL Care Line Retinal disparity: The headphones? position is rotated in such a way that it seems to be seen by the right eye. It indicates that the object is right to the person seeing it. Traditionally we relate „right? to good things; therefore, the advertisement uses this cue to produce positive impression among the people. Relative Size: The right earpiece appears to be bigger than the left one. Again, „right? is associated to positive, so the advertisement employs this cue of relative size to create a good impression. 11 Interposition: The words „123 Aktel Care Line? re covering the left earpiece, indicating that it is at a greater distance. The right earpiece is similarly blocking our view of those words, meaning that it is closer to us. Again, the advertisement is emphasizing right over left to t he viewers which gives a sense of inclination toward positive things. 3. 2 International Advertisements 3. 2. 1 Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund Top half: Here the perception of convergence is used by showing that a natural calamity can affect wide areas and take many lives. The truck is the closest object which overlaps the buildings. Then some buildings are blocking others. This is an example of using interposition to show that calamity affects wide area. Texture gradient is used by presenting a clearer view of the front sides of the buildings than the sides which are farther. The relative size of cars is used to show distance. They look smaller with the distance. The rate of decrease shows the velocity of destruction. Bottom Half: The scenario looks like seen by the left eye. Retinal disparity is used here to show calamity is disastrous as left eye indicates negativity. The truck is closer, it itself and the company logo both receives emphasis. This effect is created by using interposition. The texture closer to the truck is more detailed. The haziness of the building texture shows distance depicts wide area of destruction. 12 The size of the building is relatively small which symbolizes distance and a wide area of destruction. This is done by using relative size. 3. 2. 2 MTV System Upgrade In this advertisement of MTV, the concept of texture gradient is used to show different distance. Different texture is used on the letter â€Å"M† in order to create a three dimensional effect. 3. . 3 Evlan Mineral Water In this advertisement, texture gradient is used to distinguish between people in different positions. People who are nearer can be identified better. On the other hand those who are farther cannot be identified easily as their presence is blurred. The concept of relative size is used as the things perceived nearer are relatively big in size. The things which are smaller are perceived as being farther. 13 4. CONCLU SION Depth Perception is what makes us perceive a two-dimensional picture into a threedimensional view. Therefore, marketers can use this psychological ability of human beings to advertise their products effectively, especially on billboards. In Bangladesh, the most widely advertised product is the mobile phone network. Telecom companies such as Grameenphone, Banglalink, Aktel, etc. undertake various promotional offers regularly. These include discount offers and special offers. So they need to change the billboards on a regular basis. Depth perception is used in these to make each advertisement stand out and reach the public. Our study revealed that depth perception is used extensively in the advertising world. Retinal disparity, Convergence, Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are used effectively on billboard to attract the general public and turn them into loyal customers of the respective product. 14 Sources Theories Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Depth_perception MSN Encarta: http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761571997_4/Perception_(psychology). ht ml Images http://www. banglalinkgsm. com/img/yellow_pages. jpg http://www. aktel. com. bd/themes/images/91. jpg http://www. aktel. com/latest_images/currentPrpmo/reg_march08. JPG http://www. aktel. com/latest_images/currentPrpmo/pospaid_24july. jpg http://www. toxel. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/uad17. jpg http://z. about. com/d/goeurope/1/5/N/V/advertisement. jpg http://www. slipperybrick. com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/imaginative-legoclever-advertisement. jpg http://weburbanist. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/guerilla-red-cross-disaster- relief-advertisement. jpg http://www. lakewoodconferences. com/direct/dbimage/50315608/Printed_Advertis ement_Products. jpg http://img2. timeinc. net/ew/dynamic/imgs/070823/mtv_l. jpg 15 How to cite Psychology, Essay examples Psychology Free Essays Today’s teenagers are motivated in making differences in the community. It is seen that teenagers today do not rely mostly on technology, and they spend almost their entire lifetime on social networks like Backbone and Twitter. They believe in popularity, and this is the reason many ensure that they have as many friends as possible on social networks. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the teenagers constantly compete with others in terms of who understands technology better than the other. Consequently, the number of teenagers using social networks and internet has increased drastically over the years. The research shows that almost 85% teenagers in the United States are on social networks. The teenagers today who are between the ages of 15 to 20 years are the last cohorts of the generation( Stash,2011) . They are digital natives, and the changing technology has transformed their way of life in politics and their future possibilities. Technology has also changed the way that teenagers view life and politics. The economy is changing on a daily basis, and life is no longer the same. Consequently, teenagers are growing towards the age of austerity, and they are also facing increasing education and high costs on education and competitive labor market in the current generation. Moreover, teenagers today are apathetic, narcissistic and selfish, and they are easily affected by peer pressure. According to the study, teenagers easily involve themselves in drugs, criminal acts and sexual acts due to the influence from the surrounding. For instance, the fashion is changing with mime, and teenagers are largely affected by the changing fashions, and teenagers believe that fashion determines how an individual is exposed to the changing life trends. The other increasing trend among the current teenagers is smoking. From the statistic, about 4 million teenagers from the age of 15 years to 19 years are smokers. The incidence of smoking among teenagers has increased from the sass (Birdseed, 2012). However, the high rate of smoking is attributed to the changes in peer pressure among the teenagers. Additionally, teenagers today are also motivated to sake changes in the community. They do not rely on politics or others to solve their problems. However, they roll up their sleeves and power up their machines (laptops) and smart phones to solve their problems using the crowd-sourced collaboration. The teenagers largely trust the information they retrieve from the internet compared to the information they are given by people. The teenagers are also accustomed to high speed and responsiveness, and if they are provided with the right opportunities and support, the teenagers can transform the notions and expectations of active testimonies. In the 19th century, teenagers observed the respect towards the elders. It was considered as the greatest offense when a teenager was reported to be disrespectful. However, things have currently changed among the teenagers. As a result of the transition, teenagers are manipulative, disrespectful and out of control. This has contributed to the emergence of many unexpected behaviors among the teenagers, like high drug abuse, rape and cases of murder. Moreover, teenagers today live healthy, prosperous and promising lives compared to the past lives. Currently, parents are committed to giving their kids the best lives, and they choose to do everything to ensure they are comfortable ( Bistros, 2013). Another common characteristic among the teenagers is the changing education system across the world. Today, teenagers are studying more courses in core academic subjects together with the challenging courses. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays According to the article, â€Å"What is Psychology? † by Kenned Cherry, Psychology is simply defined as the study of human mind and behavior. Psychology Is a very controversial topic because it relates to many field of study and also often used in daily life. In addition, psychology can be divided into many categories and areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, psychology has many major theories and these theories represent the different schools of thought. The schools of thought Includes structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cosmogonist. Each of these schools has different roles. Structuralism was the first school of thought in psychology but it’s not considered to be the most dominant school of thought today. The most dominant school of thought today is humanism or humanistic psychology. Humanism is the psychological view of human beings’ thoughts, behavior and their uniqueness. Furthermore, humanistic psychology helped people to be happy and reach their full potential. Also, it is very commonly used today and made a positive impact on other areas of psychology. Based on the article, ‘Why We Lie† by Dan Rarely, the two opposing motivations that drive everyone decisions whether how much we cheat or lie are obviously when people acts to be â€Å"good† In the society to get whatever they want whether its money or fame. At the same time, nowadays people especially want to consider themselves as honorable and honest as possible. Simply put, when the opportunity is given, everyone cheats and become dishonest. The reason why is because people want to benefit from things even if there is a cost to pay. According to Salesman’s Ted Talk, the three forms of happiness are synthetic happiness, natural happiness, and also real happiness. Dan Gilbert refers to the term â€Å"synthetic happiness† to be the psychological Immune system because we human beings have our own ways to feel better about the world that we live in. We have our own thoughts and uniqueness which makes us different. Moreover, he also stated that synthesis happiness is happiness that what we make that we don’t usually want. On the other hand, natural happiness is exactly the opposite. Natural happiness is peppiness where we get what we want (according to Dan). For example, having freedom wealth you Is considered as Natural happiness. Furthermore, the last form of happiness is the overall true or real happiness. Real happiness is the happiness where you are completely satisfied with your life and where you find peace with yourself and also others. Cherry, Kenned. â€Å"Learn the Basics of Psychology. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays Reflection Paper on RA 10029 (The Act Professionalizing the practice of Psychology) 1. As a Psychology student, how does the RA 10029 create an impact in your career and in the practice of Psychology in general? As a Psychology student, the RA 10029 really changes my expectations about the field of Psychology. Before I enter in this kind of field, I assure to myself that being a Psychologist has a long time running through before you achieved it. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I knew this kind of law, it comes to my mind that being Psychometricians and Psychologists are not just ordinary course but extra ordinary because it requires lot of determination, assiduity, patience and it was so flexible course that are suitable in job opportunities. This law also gives me an option to I want to pursue like if I want to be a Psychometrician, I have to pass the licensure exam or if I want to be in the field of med. I am exempted to take the licensure exam but my plan is to take and pass the licensure exam and get a Masteral Degree. This RA 10029 really helped me to plan for my future. 2. How do you think the RA 10029 will create an impact to the society in relation to understanding and embracing Psychology? For me the big impacts that RA 10029 create in the Philippines are the scope of time and money needed in pursuing the field of Psychology because for me studying is not a problem but the time and money matters most in pursuing this kind of course. But all of those are worth it because Psychologists can help our society development. With this kind of law Psychologists will be more educated, competent, provide a high standards of psychological practice and services to our fellowmen, and it helps Psychology takers to be well trained. If the country will produce high quality Psychometricians and Psychologists, it will be easier for us to compete with other countries. This law also provides a strong bond of Psychology Associations in the Philippines because they created a Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology that provide a quality officers that may help the field of Psychology to be more accurate and monitor the field of Psychology. This law not only helps an individual growth but also helps our society. 3. How did you begin to think differently about Psychology? After I knew this law before taking up this course I think very differently when I first met this field. Before I knew that it was a cheap or easy field but I’m wrong because it was actually an extra ordinary field that can shapes me a lot. Before, I thought that once I finished my four years Bachelors Degree in Psychology, I am already a psychology but the truth is no. RA 10029 really helps me to partially decide what I want to be in the field of Psychology and it gives lots of determination in my mind to pursue what I want to be in Psychology. 4. Insights and realizations I realized that Psychology is an outstanding and flexible field. I have insights that I am on a right track because I understand what Psychology was. This law RA 10029 is also an implication that our government is providing a good quality education and aims to produce competitive professionals that can be a solution of poverty in the Philippines and this kind of field is growing and invades our country. I realized that Psychology has a lot time and money to spend but all of it was worth it if we used it not just for our own good but also for the sake of Filipino society. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays Distinguish between operant conditioning, observational learning, and social learning. How are these different kinds of learning utilized in the work place? Give specific examples for each one. I think an example of a voluntary unpleasant consequence in a work place could be if you are getting yelled at by someone and you think before you speak and still decide it would be okay to yell back. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now They watch what people do and if they get into trouble, they don’t do what that person did. But if that person stays out of trouble and gets praised, you would want to do the same things they are doing. Social learning is also learning by observation but it has more emotion and behavior. You might see how your co-works or bosses react to their responsibilities and if they react negatively you might act the same way if you have to do those duties. 2. )How is prejudice developed and nurtured through classical and operant conditioning? Give specific examples that demonstrate each kind of learning. Classical conditioning is involuntary responses and operant conditioning is voluntary but we are rewarded or punished for our behavior. Classical: You could be overhearing people talk bad about someone and automatically think those people are not the type you would want to be friends with since they are talking bad about someone. Or you can just hear rumors about someone and automatically not like that person. 3. )You are scheduled to present the results of your work on creating a new software program for your company.  What memory techniques will you use in order to be free of too much dependence on notes and PowerPoint slides? Be specific as to how you will relate the technique to the content of the presentation. 4. )Name and describe the three qualities of emotional intelligence according to Goleman. If you were interviewing applicants for a position in your company and wanted to know whether they had emotional intelligence, how would you go about discovering that? Would you do that in an interview or by some other means? How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays What are the five steps of the scientific method? *problem: Stated as a question*Hypothesis: a scientific or educational guess. *Materials: list all the materials that are used in the experiment. *Procedures: list step by step directions needed to be followed for this experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now *Results/Conclusion: re- state your problem/question then answer your hypothesis. Gather together all your information. 2. What basic question Is at the heart of the nature-nurture controversy? The question Is whether who you are and what you become Is a result of biology and genetics, or nature or the environment In which we are raised or nurture. 3. Give an example of discontinuity and continuity as it relates to your development. For example of continuity: a child learns to crawl, and then to stand and then to walk. For example of discontinuity: children go from only being able to think in very literal terms to being able to think abstractly 4. What does It mean to say that development Is multicultural? TLS means that development occurs In many contexts, Including physical surroundings and family arrangements. It is important to consider the systems that surround each person just as a naturalist examines the ecology or interrelationship of each organism and its environment. Erie Frontbencher proposed this idea. 5. How does the study of development relate to your future profession? This study relates to my future profession because I would need to be able to know the different hypes of people who I will be dealing with and also being able to understand that know one person is from the same place/background. 6. From your perspective, what are the potential consequence of the concept, M)LO†? Provide a specific example. I think when people think of YOLK then they tend to do knowing that the consequences can go either bad or not bad . Doing crime can lead a person in Jail or getting away and doing drugs can lead to many bad outcomes or not getting harmed . How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays BF Skinner has made an important contribution to the study of learning by his work on another form of conditioning called operant or instrumental conditioning. He distinguishes between respondent behavior and operant behavior, the former being elicited by specific stimuli and the latter being emitted spontaneously by the organism, such as the random pecking behavior of pigeons. Operant conditioning operates on the environment and the learned behavior is instrumental in controlling events. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skinner’s view of operant conditioning is that it is not a sequence of stimulus-response connections, but rather that behavior is spontaneously emitted by the organism. He tends to disregard the role of stimuli (Quinn, 2000). A desired target behavior can then be reinforced, which increases the likelihood of this behavior can be punished, which decreases the likelihood of this behavior in the future. Positive reinforcement increases the target behavior by rewarding the individual. This reward can be tangible (money, a treat) or intangible (praise, an approving look). Importantly, what is rewarding to each individual may be different. A lot of people puzzle negative reinforcement with punishment. Negative reinforcement, however, increases the target behavior, while punishment has the opposite effect (Vito, Maahs, Holmes, 2006). Superstitious behavior can be established by accidental positive reinforcement contingencies. Escape behavior can also be involved in an accidental or superstitious contingency when a response is followed by removal or reduction of a negative reinforce. The response, however, is only accidentally or coincidentally associated with removal of the stimulus, and its removal is not contingent on performance of the escape performance (Sundel Sundel, 2005). Unlike reinforcement, punishment reduces the odds of the target behavior being repeated. Through experimentation with both animals and humans, behaviorists have developed a knowledge base about the most effective way to condition behavior. One golden rule is that the consistency of reinforcement and punishment matters more than severity. Indeed, parental use of harsh but inconsistent punishment is a good predictor of delinquent behavior. Additionally, reinforcement shapes behavior more efficiently than punishment – psychologists recommend that reinforcers outnumber punishers by a ration of four to one. Finally, both punishment and reinforcement should follow quickly after the target behavior (Vito et al., 2006). References: Quinn, F. M. (2000). The Principles and Practice of Nurse Education (4th ed.). London: Nelson Thomes. Sundel, M., Sundel, S. S. (2005). Behavior Change in the Human Services: Behavioral and Cognitive Principles and Applications (5th ed.). New York: SAGE. Vito, G. F., Maahs, J. R., Holmes, R. M. (2006). Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy (2nd ed.). New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers.       How to cite Psychology, Essay examples

VR of Alibaba for Research and Development Plan- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theVR of Alibaba for Research and Development Plan. Answer: Introduction Aliababa Group is a company which provides the basic technology, framework and marketing to guide different, brands and other businesses that provide products, services and digital content. The main advantage of this company, which surpasses the other company, is that it has various types of companies integrated within itself for example: - Alibaba Cloud, Ant Financial, Taobabo.com etc. All these companies specifically is the platform for online marketing services for computers and mobile phones and other technical things. AliResearch institute was established in April 2007. This is the most important and integrated parts of Alibaba have failed to continue its chain system of so many organizations (Wu et al., 2015). The research opportunities of this organization is new commercial civilization, model innovation study, such as C2B commercial model, future organization model and Internet-enabled study of industries, such as e-commerce logistics, rural e-commerce. Many research scholars who are experts in management and economics able to provide idea about to provide new methodology in this field and the merchants, service-providers are highly benefitted due to this. Todays world is continuously changing and every time any organizations have to keep in par with new thoughts and ideas for launching new products. So it can be said that AliResearch centre is the pillar of the Alibaba organization. For example there is reflection of some of the key findings of Research Report on Chinas Taobo village. There were 1000 Taobo village and 100 Taobo towns found in China. AliResearch has researched consumption demands, and created designs with collaborators by taking the help of new techniques , online merchants of Taobao villages have able to uplift their efficiency and essence and launched new products (Tu Hao, 2015). . According to incomplete statistics over the year of 2016 more than 120 segment of rising products and services of Taobao villages have witness fast develo pment in sales, crossing RMB1 million or even RMB10 million. The products included electric balance bikes, writing brush, paper and ink and others. This e-commerce system has expanded to a large extent and this has helped to provide jobs to many people and finally has eradicated the poverty from the towns and the villages (Qu, Zhang Ding, 2015) . Management Team and Organizational Structure The management team of Alibaba comprises of leaders who are mainly the Board of Directors. They are: - Jack Yun MA is the Executive Chairman of the Alibaba Group, Joseph C.TSAI is the Executive Vice Chairman, Daniel Yong Zhang is the Director and Chief Executive Officer of this organization. J. Michael Evans is the Director and President of this company, Masayoshi Son and Eric Xiandong Jing is the Director of this organization. Chee Hwa Tung, Walter Teh Ming Kwauk, Jerry Yang, Brje E. Ekholm, Wan Ling Martello are the independent Directors of this organization. This Board of Directors is appointed from time to time by the process of election. They are mainly elected by the decision of the stakeholders of the company (Dong et al., 2015). The Board of Director must contain 9 directors until the Softbank has the right to nominate a director but when the SoftBank is devoid of such rights then the organization must have seven directors. A director is only removed from office without any c ause if the director (1)dies or becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; or (2)is found of unsound mind; or (3) resigns his office by notice in writing to our company. Otherwise the director is only removed by the corporate governance committee by the vote of majority of the board of directors along with the suggestions and advice of the corporate governance committee. These members are at the top positions of the company or organization who takes all the decisions of the company. They coordinate and supervise all the employees of the organization and motivate them to do the work not only for the revenue-generation of the company but the leaders also inspires the team members and the employees to work also providing best services to the customers (Burke Eaton, 2016). Besides, this Board of Directors there must be other leaders of managerial posts who also coordinate each chain of this organization (Guo et al., 2013). Without this managerial structure the company has no existence because the entire responsibility of the organization rests on them. Risk Recognition and Risk Reduction Strategies: Risk Recognition: The risk recognition of VR is crucial because it is capable of allowing a more realistic view of the products which will attract more customers. Alibaba can generate billions of dollars of revenue by promoting and selling products using the virtual reality technology. The company is set to launch virtual reality, software which allows the customers to wear a headset and get a total view of the products. The company has recognized that VR has great prospect in generating revenue and maintaining high competitive position in the market. The company faces stiff challenges from powerful players like ebay and Amazon.com. The company has recognized the future profitability of VR and is making strategies to reduce the risks (Forbes.com, 2017). The technology can pose considerable risk to VR because the competitors like Amazon continuously carry out innovations and research to bring out new software which can compete with VR. These innovations are likely to threat the profitability and revenue generation of Alibaba. Thus, Alibaba has to carry out innovations to stay ahead in the competition with its rivals and keep generating huge revenue with VR. The company should bring out updated versions of VR to ensure its top position in the market. Risk Reduction Strategies: Differentiation strategy of Alibaba: Alibaba differentiates itself from its competitive to hold a strong market image and position. The company acts an ecommerce company connecting only buyers and sellers. It has a strong supply chain in all the countries and shows the prices in local currencies. This allows it to differentiate itself from its competitors because the supply chain allows it to offer goods without requirement of spending after maintenance of warehouses (Lu Swaminathan, 2015). Partner Connections: Alibaba has strong connections with local merchants and suppliers. It allows them to sell their products to a huge number of customers using its digital platform and brand value. The company thus reduces the risk it faces from the big ecommerce companies like Amazon and ebay. The country owns shares of companies like paytm and has partnered with the Chinese branch of Yahoo. This has helped the company to virtually control the operations of several other companies which allows it to reduce the competition from them (Alcacer Chung, 2014). This has in fact allowed the company to enter new markets and extend its product line. For example, Alibaba is a shareholder of Paytm, the Indian payment gateway company which is used by millions of Indians to make payments. This allows it to enter profitable markets like India and diversify its risk posed by the market, like risk from competitors. Mobile Technology: Alibaba has launched its application which can run on both computer and mobile phones, thus allowing customers to order products anytime and from anywhere. The company is planning to introduce VR on mobile platform as well so that the buyers can have better product viewing and ordering experience. This will allow the company to gain high position in emerging markets like Asia where its competitors like ebay are yet to gain a strong foothold. The company can earn huge profit and diversify the business risks over these markets (DeBoer, Panwar Rivera, 2017). References: Alcacer, J., Chung, W. (2014). Location strategies for agglomeration economies.Strategic Management Journal,35(12), 1749-1761. Burke, Q. L., Eaton, T. V. (2016). Alibaba Group Initial Public Offering: A Case Study of Financial Reporting Issues.Issues in Accounting Education Teaching Notes,31(4), 75-90. DeBoer, J., Panwar, R., Rivera, J. (2017). Toward A Place?Based Understanding of Business Sustainability: The Role of Green Competitors and Green Locales in Firms' Voluntary Environmental Engagement.Business Strategy and the Environment. Dong, G., Wu, Z., Weng, L., Chen, H. (2016).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/182,446. Forbes Welcome. (2017). Forbes.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2016/11/10/virtual-reality-is-likely-to-boost-alibabas-revenues-on-singles-day/#77becef53311 Guo, Y., Cao, Y., Song, Y., Shan, L., Yang, Q. (2013, January). Organizational Imprinting, Managerial Cognition, and Firm Strategy in Emerging Economies. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 12108). Academy of Management. Lu, L. X., Swaminathan, J. M. (2015). Supply chain management. Qu, Z., Zhang, S., Ding, K. (2015). The New Development Trend of Chinese-funded Banks and Internet Financial Enterprises from Patent Perspective. InISSI. Tu, Y., Hao, S. (2015). Research of Development in Internet-Based Finance in China. Wu, D., Rosen, D. W., Wang, L., Schaefer, D. (2015). Cloud-based design and manufacturing: A new paradigm in digital manufacturing and design innovation.Computer-Aided Design,59, 1-14.

Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non

Matters regarding native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) and non-native English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) have lately received substantial interest from researchers and academicians (Braine, 2005; Mahboob, 2004). One of the key topics under discussion is learners’ attitudes towards native and non-native English teachers in Saudi high schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper shall discuss views of different academicians and researchers on this topic by: exploring different studies on perceptions and attitudes of English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) learners’ towards NESTs and NNESTs in Saudi Arabia. Perceptions and Attitudes of ESL/EFL Learners towards NESTs According to most studies on ESL/EFL learners’ perspective towards NESTs, being taught by NEST s has both merits and demerits. Merits may be linked to factors like articulation and consciousness of the second/foreign language customs, whereas demerits may be connected to matters like teaching language rules and the incapacity to handle learners’ issues. A study by Benke Medgyes (2005) on some learners of English from an intermediate school in Hungary revealed that NESTs do better than NNESTs in verbal skills instruction. The interviewees in this study demonstrated that NESTs usually have strong capacities to teach discussion classes, acts as ideal models for simulation and hearten learners to converse in the language. In addition to the verbal skills issue, interviewees revealed that their NESTs are normally self-assured, more sociable and their classes are usually lively as compared to the NNESTs. In contrast, another study by Benke Medgyes (2005) in the same school but on a lower grade class revealed that NESTs are hard to comprehend and are not the best grammar in structors. In a different study, Lasagabaster Sierra (2005) examined the values of some college learners towards NNESTs and NESTs. The outcome indicated that more than half of the interviewees were in favor of NESTs to NNESTs as a result of NESTs accuracy in articulation and use of terminologies. Concerning the language proficiency, the participants illustrated that NESTs use better English than NNESTs in their speeches and paying attention to them is better for enhancing students’ ability to listen. They further showed that NESTs have additional knowledge in reading and writing.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As regards foreign language customs, the respondents saw NESTs as an important resource for expanding their understanding of target customs. Nevertheless, the respondents in this study deemed that NESTs boasted some negative aspects. Even though they really esteemed NES Ts accurate articulation, they as well discounted some features of native pronunciation. For instance, some respondents revealed that some NESTs never converse in ordinary English, making their articulation hard to comprehend. In another study, Mahboob (2004) assumed a dialogue analytic procedure to study and evaluate views of 33 ESL learners registered in an intensive English course on NESTs and NNESTs. The outcomes of this research were similar to those described in the two abovementioned studies. The respondents noted that NESTs had both merits and demerits. In the first group, the instruction of verbal skills was deemed the key benefit of the NESTs. Conversely, the study discovered negative aspects of NESTs associated with teaching methods and personal issues. Regarding teaching methods, the study revealed that NESTs habitually failed to offer adequate answers to learners’ queries and lacked suitable methods of instruction.Concerning personal issues, the respondents felt that NESTs were not effective instructors since they lacked experience in studying English. Perceptions and Attitudes of Learners towards NNESTs Latest research has noted that both EFL and ESL learners deem that NNESTs are better teachers compared to NESTs in most areas such as in methods of instruction. Nevertheless, these learners also deem that NNESTs have noteworthy limitations. Respondents of a study conducted by Benke Medgyes (2005) revealed that NNESTs are usually competent in instructing grammar and possess the potential to handle grammatical complexities. The respondents also revealed that NNESTs promote language learning efficiently by handling learners patiently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another study by Kelch Satana-Williamson (2002) revealed that NNESTs have three benefit s. First, NNESTs are usually more conversant with the hardships and issues that students encounter, having been learners of the language at some point. Second, NNESTs can employ translation while teaching, especially in cases whereby the first language is mutual. Third, NNESTs acts as sources of inspiration to learners since it makes them believe that they can also become proficient in the language. Conversely, a study by Benke Medgyes (2005) demonstrated that NNESTs are more engaging, give lots of assignments, articulate English words incorrectly and employ old-fashioned language in teaching. A study by Pacek (2005) also revealed that negative features of NNESTs can be associated with features of language expertise, particularly pronunciation. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that both non-native and native English-speaking instructors are perceived by learners to have merits and demerits. Whereas native English-speaking instructors are deemed best in verbal instruction as an outcome of their language authenticity and fluency, nonnative English-speaking instructors present benefits of having being earlier students of EFL/ ESL. Thus, English is well taught as an EFL/ESL by cooperation between the NNESTs and NESTs. References Benke, A. Medgyes, P. (2005). Non-native language teachers: perceptions, challenges and contributions to the profession. New York: Springer Braine, G. (2005). Teaching English to the world: history, curriculum and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAdvertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kelch, K., Santana-Williamson, E. (2002). ESL students’ attitudes toward native- and nonnative-speaking instructors’ accents. The CATESOL Journal, 14(1), 57-72. Lasagabaster, D. Sierra, J.M. (2005). What do students think about the pros and cons of having a native speaking teacher? New York: Springer Mahboob, A. (2004). Demystifying the native speaker in TESOL. SPELT Quarterly 19(4), 1-14. Pacek, D. (2005). Personality not nationality: foreign students’ perceptions of a non-native speaker lecturer of English at a British university. New York: Springer. This essay on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools was written and submitted by user Angela S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Investment Utilization Essays

Investment Utilization Essays Investment Utilization Essay Investment Utilization Essay Profit margin is a good ratio to look at to compare companys profitability in a similar industry. To completely consider return on investment one would need take into account both the companys total investment (assets or liabilities shareholder equity) and its to sales and income. As shown in the above chart, Best Buy and Radio Shack were close in 1999 and 2000, but Radio Shack lost ground in 2001. Circuit City has just been behind the entire period. Best Buy has been involved with many acquisitions and has been aggressively expanding. Best Buy is a clear winner with this type of profit margin in an expansion. Once this stage of expansion is complete shareholders should be pleased with the results (and market share prices). Earnings per share shows how well a company performs on a per share basis. Best Buy has steadily increased its earnings per share probably due to its increasing expansion and even more increasing sales. Circuit City and Radio Shack have been loosing market share from Best Buy and the EPS shows it. The 2001 value would be even higher if the acquisitions were not included. Best Buys stellar EPS performance show why their stock price is much higher than it s competition. The following ratios, Days Receivable, Days Inventory, and Inventory Turnover give investors and idea of how quickly inventory is sold and money for them is collected. The Days Receivable ratio measures the average collection period for goods sold. A low Days Receivable ratio indicates that there is a short period or time between when a customer picks up his or her goods and the time the seller actually receives payment for the sale. A longer Days Receivable period might indicate that a company is subject to higher bad debt risk. In many cases an aging schedule should be created to account for these. For instance we see that Best Buy Days Receivables ratios are short, whereas Radio Shack Circuit City are longer and should be more concerned with bad debt. The other possibility is that Circuit City and Radio Shack have customers who take advantage of paying by credit. Similar to Days Receivable, Days Inventory indicates how many days a company has money tied up in inventory. The shorter the period, the more a company can use the money for other aspects of the business. Both Circuit City and Best Buys Days Inventory are very short compared to Radio Shack. With both of those indicating that Best Buys Inventory is quickly sold and paid, it is no surprise that Best Buys Inventory Turnover ratio is high. Inventory Turnover measures how fast items move through the company. For Best Buy, the high turnover shows that Best Buy either buys just enough merchandise to sell to customers, or that customers are buying inventory quickly off the shelf. These three ratios indicate that Best Buy is a strong company and the consumer favors them. The current ratio is a measure of a companys ability to pay its short-term debt. Since Best Buy is expanding they have been using more of their liquid funds in that effort. Radio Shacks Current Ratio is high compared to the others. Either they are not investing enough, or plan on pleasing shareholders with large dividends. Best Buys number is very close to 1 (1. 08 to be exact). They should investigate before the company has a negative working capital. Financial Condition The Debt/Equity Ratio (or Debt Ratio) measures how much money a company should safely be able to borrow over long periods of time. This number indicates how much a company is leveraged. Best Buy has a low long-term debit equity ratio and a low current ratio. Together that indicates financial weakness. Of course both Circuit City and Best Buy are in expansion so much of the money is tied up in Liabilities. Radio Shack is in excellent financial condition with the high (probably too high) debt/equity ratio. With Radio Shack having lots of liquidity (as seen from the current ratio) and financial strength it could use the leverage to invest and expand. Once Circuit City and Best Buy slow their expansions, these numbers will rise and with continued success regain financial strength.

Delphi String Handling Routines

Delphi String Handling Routines The CompareText  function compares two strings without case sensitivity. Declaration:function  CompareText(const  S1, S2:  string):  integer; Description:Compares two strings without case sensitivity. The comparison is NOT case sensitive and does not consider the Windows locale settings. The return integer value is less than 0 if S1 is less than S2, 0 if S1 equals S2, or greater than 0 if S1 is greater than S2. This function is obsolete, i.e. it should not be used in new code - exists only for backward compatibility. Example: var s1,s2 : string; i : integer; s1:Delphi; s2:Programming; i: CompareText(s1,s2); //i Copy Function Returns a substring of a string or a segment of a dynamic array. Declaration:function  Copy(S; Index, Count: Integer):  string;function  Copy(S; Index, Count: Integer):  array; Description:Returns a substring of a string or a segment of a dynamic array.S is an expression of a string or dynamic-array type. Index and Count are integer-type expressions. Copy returns a string containing a specified number of characters from a string or sub array containing Count elements starting at S[Index]. If Index is greater than the length of S, Copy returns a zero-length string () or an empty array.  If Count specifies more characters or array elements than are available, only the characters or elements from S[Index] to the end of S are returned. To determine the number of characters in string, use the Length function. A convenient way to copy all the elements of S from the starting Index is to use  MaxInt  as Count. Example: var s : string; s:DELPHI; s : Copy(s,2,3); //sELP; Delete Procedure Removes a substring from a string. Declaration:procedure  Delete(var  S:  string; Index, Count : Integer) Description:Removes Count characters from a string S, starting at Index.  Delphi leaves the string unchanged if Index is not positive or greater than the number of characters after the Index. If Count is greater than the rest of the characters after the Index, the rest of the string is deleted. Example: var s : string; s:DELPHI; Delete(s,3,1) //sDEPHI; ExtractStrings Function Fills a string list with substrings parsed from a delimited list. Declaration:type  TSysCharSet   set of  Char;function  ExtractStrings(Separators, WhiteSpace: TSysCharSet; Content: PChar; Strings: TStrings): Integer; Description:Fills a string list with substrings parsed from a delimited list. Separators are a set of characters that are used as delimiters, separating the substrings, where Carriage returns, newline characters, and quote characters (single or double) are always treated as separators. WhiteSpace is a set of characters to be ignored when parsing Content if they occur at the beginning of a string. Content is the null-terminated string to parse into substrings. Strings is a string list to which all substrings parsed from Content are added. The function returns the number of strings added to the Strings parameter. Example: //example 1 - requires TMemo named Memo1 ExtractStrings([;,,], [ ], about: delphi; pascal, programming , memo1.Lines); //would result in 3 strings added to memo: //about: delphi //pascal //programming //example 2 ExtractStrings([DateSeparator], [ ], PChar(DateToStr(Now)), memo1.Lines); //would result in 3 strings: day month and year of the currnet date //for example 06, 25 ,2003 LeftStr Function Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the left side of a string. Declaration:function  LeftStr(const  AString: AnsiString;  const  Count: Integer): AnsiString;overload;  function  LeftStr(const  AString: WideString;  const  Count: Integer): WideString;  overload; Description:Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the left side of a string. AString represents a string expression from which the leftmost characters are returned. Count indicates how many characters to return. If 0, a zero-length string () is returned. If greater than or equal to the number of characters in AString, the entire string is returned. Example: var s : string; s : ABOUT DELPHI PROGRAMMING; s : LeftStr(s,5); // s ABOUT Length Function Returns an integer containing the number of characters in a string or the number of elements in an array. Description:function  Length(const S:  string): integerfunction  Length(const S:  array): integer Declaration:Returns an integer containing the number of characters in a string or the number of elements in an array.  For an array, Length(S) always returns Ord(High(S))-Ord(Low(S))1 Example: var s : string; i : integer; s:DELPHI; i : Length(s); //i6; LowerCase Function Returns a string that has been converted to lowercase. Description:function  LowerCase(const  S:  string):  string; Declaration:Returns a string that has been converted to lowercase.LowerCase only converts uppercase letters to lowercase; all lowercase letters and nonletter characters remain unchanged. Example: var s : string; s:DeLpHi; s : LowerCase(s); //sdelphi; Pos Function Returns an integer specifying the position of the first occurrence of one string within another. Declaration:function  Pos(Str, Source:  string):  integer; Description:Returns an integer specifying the position of the first occurrence of one string within another. Pos looks for the first complete occurrence of Str in Source. If it finds one, it returns the character position in Source of the first character in Str as an integer value, otherwise, it returns 0.Pos is case sensitive. Example: var s : string; i : integer; s:DELPHI PROGRAMMING; i:Pos(HI PR,s); //i5; PosEx Function Returns an integer specifying the position of the first occurrence of one string within another, where the search starts at a specified position. Declaration:function  PosEx(Str, Source :  string, StartFrom : cardinal 1):  integer; Description:Returns an integer specifying the position of the first occurrence of one string within another, where the search starts at a specified position. PosEx looks for the first complete occurrence of Str in Source, beginning the search at StartFrom. If it finds one, it returns the character position in Source of the first character in Str as an integer value, otherwise, it returns 0. PosEx also returns 0 if StartFrom is greater then Length(Source) or if StartPos is 0 Example: var s : string; i : integer; s:DELPHI PROGRAMMING; i:PosEx(HI PR, s, 4); //i1; QuotedStr Function Returns the quoted version of a string. Declaration:function  QuotedStr(const  S:  string):  string; Description:Returns the quoted version of a string. A single quote character () is inserted at the beginning and end of string S, and each single quote character in the string is repeated. Example: var s : string; s:Delphis Pascal; //ShowMessage returns Delphis Pascal s : QuotedStr(s); //ShowMessage returns Delphis Pascal ReverseString Function Returns a string in which the character order of a specified string is reversed. Declaration:function  ReverseString(const  AString :  string):  string; Description:  Returns a string in which the character order of a specified string is reversed Example: var s : string; s:ABOUT DELPHI PROGRAMMING; s:ReverseString(s); //sGNIMMARGORP IHPLED TUOBA RightStr Function Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the right side of a string. Declaration:function  RightStr(const  AString: AnsiString;  const  Count: Integer): AnsiString;overload;function  RightStr(const  AString: WideString;  const  Count: Integer): WideString;overload; Description:Returns a string containing a specified number of characters from the right side of a string. AString represents a string expression from which the rightmost characters are returned. Count indicates how many characters to return. If greater than or equal to the number of characters in AString, the entire string is returned. Example: var s : string; s : ABOUT DELPHI PROGRAMMING; s : RightStr(s,5); // s MMING StringReplace Function Returns a string in which a specified substring has been replaced with another substring. Declaration:type  TReplaceFlags   set of  (rfReplaceAll, rfIgnoreCase); function  StringReplace(const  S, OldStr, NewStr:  string; Flags: TReplaceFlags):  string; Description:Returns a string in which a specified substring has been replaced with another substring. If the Flags parameter does not include rfReplaceAll, only the first occurrence of OldStr in S is replaced. Otherwise, all instances of OldStr are replaced by NewStr.  If the Flags parameter includes rfIgnoreCase, the comparison operation is case insensitive. Example: var s : string; s:VB programmers love About VB Programming site; s : ReplaceStr(s,VB,Delphi, [rfReplaceAll]); //sDelphi programmers love About Delphi Programming site; Trim Function Returns a string containing a copy of a specified string without both leading and trailing spaces and control characters. Declaration:  function  Trim(const  S:  string):  string; Description:  Returns a string containing a copy of a specified string without both leading and trailing spaces and non-printing control characters. Example: var s : string; s: Delphi ; s : Trim(s); //sDelphi; UpperCase Function Returns a string that has been converted to uppercase. Declaration:  function  UpperCase(const  S:  string):  string; Description:  Returns a string that has been converted to uppercase.UpperCase only converts lowercase letters to uppercase; all uppercase letters and nonletter characters remain unchanged. Example: var s : string; s:DeLpHi; s : UpperCase(s); //sDELPHI; Val Procedure Converts a string to a numeric value. Declaration:  procedure  Val(const  S:  string;  var  Result;  var  Code: integer); Description:Converts a string to a numeric value. S is a string-type expression; it must be a sequence of characters that form a signed real number. The Result argument can be an Integer or floating-point variable. Code is zero if the conversion is successful. If the string is invalid, the index of the offending character is stored in Code. Val does not heed the local settings for the decimal separator. Example: var s : string; c,i : integer; s:1234; Val(s,i,c); //i1234; //c0

Essay on Abotion Rights Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On Abotion Rights - Essay Example These exceptions however did not have proper definition especially in the context of the health of the mother. The Doe vs. Bolton case ruled by the Supreme Court helped to widen the definition of mother’s health to include psychological, emotional and physical impacts of a pregnancy on the mother thus creating an environment favorable for more abortions. This is due to the fact that Georgia and Texas prohibited abortions that did not pose any threats to the life of the mother especially if the pregnancy was more than 6 months (Ginsburg, 2009). In such a circumstance, a single mother such as Roe could not have performed an abortion irrespective of the fact that the pregnancy was a psychological and emotional burden for her. However, the Supreme Court ruling opened a platform for the formation of groups such as the prolife, to counter the relaxation of abortion laws and the subsequent formation of prochoice organizations to counter the prolife movements. This paper is a critical evaluation of abortion in the US with respect to prolife and prochoice arguments. Discussion Abortion should be legalized in all states as not only is this the right thing to do, but also due to the fact that government interference in personal matters amounts to infringement of the right to privacy as well as freedom of choice (Ginsburg, 2009). Unplanned pregnancies occur on daily basis either due to ignorance, carelessness, failure of contraceptives to inhibit fertilization or due to criminal activities such as rape among other factors. Despite the factors behind a pregnancy, it is the prerogative of a woman to choose the right time to start a family and this should be respected by the government and the society at large. The US is a democratic nation in which basic freedoms are protected by various acts of parliament as well as international treaties that the country is party to. Though the right to privacy is not written in the US constitution, the 9th amendment protects such r ights from government interference. With regard to this right, a woman has the freedom to determine what happens with her body whether in terms of health or other occurrences that may subject her to emotional stress. Therefore, it is unethical for the government even to contemplate limiting what she can or cannot do with her body unless her actions contravene the laws stipulated in the constitution. The 14th amendment also requires due process while depriving a person of his or her liberties and therefore it is wrong for a government to deny women the right to their bodily privacy arbitrarily without considering their individual predicaments (Baird, 2001). The government should legalize abortion in order to reduce the prevalence of unsafe abortions in the country. It is a fact that criminalization of abortion does not lower the demand for abortion. Indeed, it only creates an opportunity for rogue physicians to open illegal clinics, which operate under unhygienic and dangerous condit ions as a result of lack of government supervision. In case these women die or become sterile as a consequence of these abortions, there is no way they can seek legal redress to make the physicians accountable owing to the fact that they would be on the wrong side of the law themselves for having agreed to have the abortion. Some of the physicians operating these clinics are only motivated by the greed for money and riches and therefore, it may be easy to understand if they decide not

Strategic Marketing Plan For Red Bull Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing Plan For Red Bull - Essay Example Summary of the task The study aims towards designing a marketing plan for Red Bull. Background Red Bulls is a twenty five years old company that has been selling energy drink. In the year 1980, Dietrich Mateschitz founded Red Bull, inspired by a functional drink originated from Far East. He created the energy drink and promoted it through a unique marketing concept. In its early days it was sold in the home market of Austria but today Red Bull is sold in more than 165 countries. Red Bull is not only a new product but has given birth to a totally new category of product. Today Red Bull has sold more than 35 billion cans (Red Bull GmbH, n.d.). Outline The marketing plan of Red Bull covers the following Product: Non-caffeine drinks for the kids and other people who do not drink for energy purpose. Place: Designing an expansion plan through which the company can operate in other geographical areas. Price: Red Bull will be implementing some cost reduction techniques so that the price of t he products can be reduced. Promotion: Red Bull will be promoting their new product through social networking site, public relationship activities etc. At the same time they will also promote their current product as â€Å"safe to drink†. Strategic Marketing Plan Marketing Audit Marketing audit is defined as the process of â€Å"comprehensive, systematic, independent and periodic examination of a company’s or business unit’s marketing environment, objectives, strategies and activities with a view of determining problem areas and opportunities and recommending a plan of action to improve the company’s marketing performance† (Avasarikar and Chordiya, 2007, p. 4.15). Marketing audit helps in increasing the profitability of the company (Kotler, 1999). Red Bull deals in energy drinks with various tastes targeted towards young people who are involved into strenuous work starting from athletes and weight lifter to common man working in office. The marketi ng audit is done through SWOT analysis that highlights on the internal, external and competitor analysis. Based on results the issues are identified. Internal analysis Strength Market leadership: In the year 2012 the company has sold total of 5.226 billion cans all over the world. This figure represented a 12.8% increase in the sales as compared to the figures of 2011. The company is the global leader in energy drinks. The company has a market share of 70% in the world. Even the other drinks offered by other companies are also facing competition in front of Red Bull. Figure 1: Red Bull’s Net Sales and Cans sold in 2010-12. (Source: Euromonitor International, 2013) Millward Brown (2010, cited by Bodner, 2011) stated that Red Bull is positioned at 79th position amongst all the global brands worth 8,154 billion dollar. It is positioned at fourth rank amongst all the popular brands in soft drinks like before Sprite and Fanta but behind Coke (Zero, Lights and Diets), Coca Cola and Pepsi. Coke and Coca Cola are the third largest brands all over the

Crime Control Essay Example for Free

Crime Control Essay Crime has become as multifaceted as human nature, impinging on communities and threatening human rights and freedoms. Has the impact of criminal activity become extremely intense, that we as society members have strayed away from honesty and justice? Are individuals no longer valuing integrity and fairness? Criminal justice organizations both public and private sectors goals are to reduce crime within the communities and regain the trust and confidence in a fair and just system for law-abiding citizens. In the process of achieving a fair and just society, due process and crime control tactics must adhere to the ethical dimensions of the criminal justice system. I am prepared to introduce a synopsis that highlights key ethical issues in the justice system that is directly affected by ethical motives. Honesty versus Justice within the Communities Trust is a factor that is lacking within the communities, and the question in mind is how will the criminal justice organization rehabilitate the issue and let justice prevail. Justice is often defined as fairness or the suitable rewards or retribution. Justice focuses more on a person’s rights more than the needs of an individual. So how can justice prevail if community members are fighting against law enforcement, and honesty among officers and the community is obsolete? In many cases, even when people notice a crime, they often turn the other way. According to NPR (2010), â€Å"Witnesses to crimes involving things like gang activities can often be scared away from giving information to police. It does not help that a stop snitching philosophy has been promoted by some hip-hop artists and many urban communities† (para 2). After past incidents of bad treatment by the outside world and law enforcement, it has become a mainstream thought in many minority communities law enforcement is not to be trusted. And if the community cannot trust police officials, the people in the community will not step forward and be honest and aid in the investigations. Police Departments are committed to working with the communities to recognize and resolve community problems. There are departments of employees dedicated to working collectively through an assortment of programs. These programs and services are created in hope that trust and justice will be incorporated back into the community and law enforcement agencies will be able to optimistically impact the community’s quality of life as well as highlight the strengths of neighborhoods. Due Process and Crime Control Tactics Law enforcement has integrated strategies into the communities to prevent and solve crimes that are affecting citizen’s quality of life. Crimes such as theft, burglary, and vandalism are a few areas law enforcement has turned their focus on. Local law enforcement organizations will have to become accustomed to existing policing programs to fulfill the requirements of security. The goal of due process and crime control is to enhance the effectiveness of the community. When the community trusts and believes in the justice field, community members will be more prone to assisting law enforcement. Due process ensures the law is being incorporated in the tactics to prevent and stop criminal acts. Another way for law enforcement to gain the trust and respect of the community is to offer up incentives that demonstrates community enhancements. increased involvement from groups in public decision making increases access to material resources and financial opportunities for underprivileged groups changes in public policy to achieve greater and meet the needs of diverse groups increases in suitable, available community services and common interest groups developing more early childhood and youth programs within the communities Law enforcement organizations have sought to investigate the causes of crime within the communities and lower the level from the hearts of the people being affected by criminal acts. Through the construction of successful joint venture with the community and public and private sectors problem solving procedures are being implemented and ethical standards and being followed. In the awaken of September 11th incident, law enforcement agencies discover that they are understanding that it is important to identify the responsibilities and create goals goals that will reduce crime within the communities and regain the trust and confidence in a fair and just system for law-abiding citizens. According to Lane Henry 2010, ‘People argue for longer term strategies aimed at dealing with the political, social, economic and cultural factors associated with crime. In doing so, we explore the potential of community development to contribute to crime prevention, particularly community or street crime and violence. Theoretical and practice intersections between community development and certain crime prevention approaches are identified notably those which link crime and violence with dis-empowerment, poverty, inequality, exclusion, the learning of violence within families and communities, and lack of opportunity for children and young people to develop their potential† (para 1). Conclusion Crime has become as multifaceted as human nature, impinging on communities and threatening human rights and freedoms. The impact of criminal activity has become extremely intense, that we as society members have strayed away from honesty and justice. Law enforcement agencies are working extremely hard to rebuild the union that has been broken. Individuals are no longer valuing integrity and fairness, but with the support from law enforcement, trust will be regained and community members will be more prone to step up and offer assistance. Criminal justice organizations both public and private sectors goals are to reduce crime within the communities and recover the trust and confidence in a fair and just system for law-abiding citizens. In the process of achieving a fair and just society, due process and crime control tactics must adhere to the ethical dimensions of the criminal justice system. I have identified ethical issues in the justice system that is directly affected by ethical motives and come to the conclusion that dedication from both parties is the answer to rebuilding a broken society.

Review of Cyprus Economy Essay examples -- essays research papers

REVIEW OF CYPRUS ECONOMY Cyprus is a small, services oriented (services account for approximately 76% of GDP) free market economy with a record of successful economic performance – Rapid growth, full employment conditions, low inflation & external and internal stability. In terms of per capita income, currently estimated at US $ 18,500, Cyprus is classified among the high income countries. It has good business and financial services, modern telecommunications, an educated labor force and a sound legal system. Cyprus' geographical location, tax incentives, and modern infrastructure also make it a natural hub for companies looking to do business with the Middle East, Europe, the former Soviet Union and North Africa. Cyprus’ entry into the EU in May 2004 marked the crowning point of protracted efforts over the years of its most important political and economic policy objective. As regards the economy, the harmonization process has transformed the whole economic structure of Cyprus and full accession is expected to bring a number of positive results. At the same time, EU membership is a challenge to the business community to strive for increased competitiveness and the upgrading of quality of products & services. Economic growth in 2003 remained at the same levels as the previous year with the economy growing by 2% in real terms, mainly due to the containment of tourist demand. The low rate of economic growth for a second year in a row was reflected in the labour marke...

Presentation About Procter and Gamble Essay

Procter & Gamble (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods company headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. Its products include foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products.[2] In 2011, P&G recorded $82.6 billion dollars in sales. Fortune magazine ranked P&G at fifth place of the â€Å"World’s Most Admired Companies† list, which was up from sixth place in 2010.[3] Procter & Gamble is the only Fortune 500 company to  issue C Share common stock.[citation needed] Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Operations * 2.1 Management and staff * 2.2 Brands * 2.3 Productions * 3 Controversies * 3.1 Price fixing * 3.2 Toxic shock syndrome and tampons * 3.3 Animal testing * 3.4 Other products * 3.5 Logo controversy * 4 Notes * 5 External links| ————————————————- [edit]History William Procter, a candlemaker, and James Gamble, a soapmaker, emigrated from England and Ireland respectively. They settled in Cincinnati initially and met when they married sisters, Olivia and Elizabeth Norris.[4] Alexander Norris, their father-in-law, called a meeting in which he persuaded his new sons-in-law to become business partners. On October 31, 1837, as a result of the suggestion, Procter & Gamble was created. In 1858–1859, sales reached $1 million. By this point, approximately 80 employees worked for Procter & Gamble. During the American Civil War, the company won contracts to supply the Union Army with soap and candles. In addition to the increased profits experienced during the war, the military contracts introduced soldiers from all over the country to Procter & Gamble’s products. In the 1880s, Procter & Gamble began to market a new product, an inexpensive soap that floats in water. The company called the soap Ivory. William Arnett Procter, William Procter’s grandson, began a profit-sharing program for the company’s workforce in 1887. By giving the workers a stake in the company, he correctly assumed that they would be less likely to go on strike. The company began to build factories in other locations in the United States because the demand for products had outgrown the capacity of the Cincinnati facilities. The company’s leaders began to diversify its products as well and, in 1911, began producing Crisco, a shortening made of vegetable oils rather than animal fats. As radio became more popular in the 1920s and 1930s, the company sponsored a number of radio programs. A s a result, these shows often became commonly known as â€Å"soap operas.† Procter & Gamble headquarters in DowntownCincinnati, Ohio The company moved into other countries, both in terms of manufacturing and product sales, becoming an international corporation with its 1930  acquisition of the Thomas Hedley Co., based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Procter & Gamble maintained a strong link to the North East of England after this acquisition. Numerous new products and brand names were introduced over time, and Procter & Gamble began branching out into new areas. The company introduced Tidelaundry detergent in 1946 and Prell shampoo in 1947. In 1955, Procter & Gamble began selling the first toothpaste to contain fluoride, known as Crest. Branching out once again in 1957, the company purchased Charmin Paper Mills and began manufacturing toilet paper and other paper products. Once again focusing on laundry, Procter & Gamble began making Downy fabric softener in 1960 and Bounce fabric softener sheets in 1972. One of the most revolutionary products to come out on the market was the company’s Pampers, first te st-marketed in 1961. Prior to this point disposable diapers were not popular, althoughJohnson & Johnson had developed a product called Chux. Babies always wore cloth diapers, which were leaky and labor intensive to wash. Pampers provided a convenient alternative, albeit at the environmental cost of more waste requiring landfilling. Procter & Gamble acquired a number of other companies that diversified its product line and significantly increased profits. These acquisitions included Folgers Coffee, Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals (the makers of Pepto-Bismol), Richardson-Vicks, Noxell (Noxzema), Shulton’s Old Spice, Max Factor, and the IamsCompany, among others. In 1994, the company made headlines for big losses resulting from leveraged positions in interest rate derivatives, and subsequently sued Bankers Trust for fraud; this placed their management in the unusual position of testifying in court that they had entered into transactions that they were not capable of understanding. In 1996, Procter & Gamble again made headlines when the Food and Drug Administration approved a new product developed by the company, Olestra. Also known by its brand name ‘Olean’, Olestra is a lower-calorie substitute for fat in cooking potato chips and other snacks. Procter & Gamble has dramatically expanded throughout its history, but its headquarters still remains in Cincinnati. In January 2005 P&G announced an acquisition of Gillette, forming the largest consumer goods company and placing Unilever into second place. This added brands such as Gillette razors,Duracell, Braun, and Oral-B to their stable. The acquisition was approved by the European Union and the Federal Trade Commission, with  conditions to a spinoff of certain overlapping brands. P&G agreed to sell its SpinBrush battery-operated electric toothbrush business to Church & Dwight. It also divested Gillette’s oral-care toothpaste line, Rembrandt. The deodorant brands Right Guard, Soft & Dri, and Dry Idea were sold to Dial Corporation.[5] The companies officially merged on October 1, 2005. Liquid Paper, and Gillette’s stationery division, Paper Mate were sold toNewell Rubbermaid. In 2008, P&G branched into the record business with its sponsorship of Tag Records, as an endorsement for TAG Body Spray.[6] P&G’s dominance in many categories of consumer products makes its brand management decisions worthy of study.[7] For example, P&G’s corporate strategists must account for the likelihood of one of their products cannibalizing the sales of another.[8] On August 24, 2009, the Ireland-based pharmaceutical company Warner Chilcott announced they had bought P&G’s prescription-drug business for $3.1 billion.[9] P&G exited the food business in 2012 when it sold its Pringles snack food business to Kellogg’s. The company had previously sold Jif peanut butter and Folgers coffee in separate transactions toSmucker’s. Procter and Gamble is a tier one sponsor of the London’s Olympic Games 2012 and sponsors 150 Athletes. ——————————————†”—- [edit]Operations As of July 1, 2011, the company structure is categorized into two â€Å"Global Business Units† with each one further divided into â€Å"Business Segments† according to the company’s 2011 Annual Report. Dimitri Panayotopoulos is Vice Chairman of Global Business Units[10] * Beauty segment * Grooming segment * Health Care segment * Snacks & Pet Care segment * Fabric Care & Home Care segment * Baby Care & Family Home Care segment [edit]Management and staff The board of directors of Procter & Gamble currently has eleven members: Robert A. McDonald, Angela Braly, Meg Whitman, Johnathan A. Rodgers, Ernesto Zedillo, Scott Cake, Patricia A. Woertz, Susan D. Desmond-Hellmann, Maggie Wilderotter, W. James McNerney, Jr. and Kenneth Chenault.[11] In March 2011 Rajat Gupta resigned from the board after a SEC accusation ofGalleon Group insider trading.[12] In October 2008, P&G was named one of â€Å"Canada’s Top 100 Employers† by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean’s newsmagazine. Later that month, P&G was also named one ofGreater Toronto’s Top Employers, which was announced by the Toronto Star newspaper.[13] In May 2011 Fortune editor-at-large Patricia Sellers praised P&G’s board diversity, as five of the company’s eleven current directors are female and have all been on Fortune’s annual Most Powerful Women list.[14] Procter & Gamble is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, a Washington, D.C.-based coalition of over 400 major companies and NGOs that advocates for a larger International Affairs Budget, which funds American diplomatic and development efforts abroad.[15 ] [edit]Brands Main article: List of Procter & Gamble brands 26 of P&G’s brands have more than a billion dollars in net annual sales, according to the 2011 Annual Report and P&G Corporate Newsroom. Leadership Brands * Ace is a brand of laundry detergent/liquid available in numerous forms and scents. * Always is a brand of feminine care products. * Ariel is a brand of laundry detergent/liquid available in numerous forms and scents. * Bold is a brand of laundry detergent/liquid. * Bounce is a brand of laundry products sold in the United States and Canada. * Bounty is a brand of paper towel sold in the United States and Canada. * Braun is a small-appliances manufacturer specializing in electric shavers, epilators, hair care appliances and blenders. * Cascade is a brand of dishwashing products. * Charmin is a brand of toilet paper sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. * CoverGirl is a brand of women’s cosmetics. * Crest/Oral B is a brand of toothpaste and teeth-whitening products. * Dash is a brand of laundry detergent/liquid. * Dawn/Fairy is a brand of dishwashing detergent.[16] * Dolce & Gabbana is an Italian fashion house. * Downy/Lenor is a brand of fabric softener. * Duracell is a brand of batteries and flashlights. * Eukanuba is a brand of pet food. * Febreze/Ambi Pur is a brand of air fresheners. * Fixodent is a brand of air denture adhesives. * Fusion is a brand of men’s wet shave razors. * Gain is a brand of laundry detergent, fabric softeners and liquid dish soap. * Gillette is a brand of safety razor and male grooming products. * Head & Shoulders is a brand of anti-dandruff shampoo and conditioners. * Herbal Essences is a brand of shampoo and conditioners. * Hugo Boss is a brand of fine fragrances. * Iams is a brand of pet food. * Luvs is a brand of baby diapers. * Mach3 is a brand of safety razor and male grooming products. * Max Factor is a brand of women’s cosmetics. * Mister Clean is a brand of multi-purpose cleaner sold in the United States, Canada and Great Britain. * Olay is a brand of women’s skin care products. * Old Spice is a brand of men’s grooming products. * Oral-B is a brand of toothbrush, and oral care products. * Pampers is a brand of disposable diaper and other baby care products. * Pantene is a brand of hair care products (conditioners/styling aids). * Prestobarba/Blue is a brand of safety razor and male grooming products. * Prilosec is an over-the-counter drug. * Puffs is a brand of facial tissue. * Rejoice/Pert is a brand of hair care products (conditioners/styling aids). * Safeguard is a brand of soaps. * Secret is a female anti-perspirant brand. * SK-II is a brand of women’s and men’s skin care products. * Swiffer is a brand of house-cleaning products. * Tampax is a brand of feminine care products. * Tide is a brand of laundry detergent. * Venus is a brand female hair-removal products. * Vicks is an over the counter medication. * Wella is a brand name of hair care products (shampoo, conditioner, styling, hair color). Most of these brands—including Bounty, Crest and Tide—are global products available on several continents. Procter & Gamble products are available in North America, Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Manufacturing operations are based in the following regions: * United States * Canada * Philippines * Mexico * Latin America | * Europe * China (31 wholly owned factories) and other parts of Asia * Africa * Australia| [edit]Productions The P&G production early 1985 to 2007logo used from Procter & Gamble produced and sponsored the first radio soap operas in the 1930s (Procter & Gamble’s being known for detergents—soaps—was the genesis of the term â€Å"soap opera†)[citation needed]. When the medium switched to television in the 1950s and 1960s, most of the new serials were sponsored and produced by the company. The serial The Young and the Restless is currently broadcast on CBS and is still partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble. When As the World Turns left the air on September 17, 2010, The Young and the Restless, became the only soap left that is partially sponsored by Procter & Gamble. These past serials were produced by Procter & Gamble: * Another World * As the World Turns * The Brighter Day * The Catlins * The Edge of Night * The First Hundred Years * From These Roots| * Guiding Light * Lovers and Friends / For Richer, for Poorer * Our Private World * Search for Tomorrow * Somerset * Texas * Young Doctor Malone| Procter & Gamble also was the first company to produce and sponsor a prime-time show, a 1965 spinoff of the daytime soap opera As the World Turns called Our Private World. In 1979, PGP produced Shirley, a prime-time NBC series starring Shirley Jones which lasted thirteen episodes. They also produced TBS’ first original comedy series, Down to Earth, which ran from 1984 to 1987 (110 episodes were produced). They also distributed the syndicated comedy series Throb. Procter & Gamble Productions originally co-produced Dawson’s Creek with Sony Pictures Television but withdrew before the series premiere due to early  press reviews. It also produced the 1991 TV movie A Triumph of the Heart: The Ricky Bell Story, which was co-produced by The Landsburg Company. It also produces the People’s Choice Awards. In addition to self-produced items, Procter & Gamble also supports many Spanish-language novellas through advertising on networks such as Univision, Telemundo, Telefutura, and Azteca America. Procter & Gamble was one of the first mainstream advertisers on Spanish-language TV during the mid-1980s.[citation needed] In 2000, the company’s self care BeingGirl website was launched.[17] In 2008, P&G expanded into music sponsorship when it joined Island Def Jam to create Tag Records, named after a body spray that P&G acquired from Gillette. In April 2010, after the cancellation of As the World Turns, PGP announced they were officially phasing out of the soap industry, and expanding into more family appropriate programming.[18][19] Procter & Gamble also gave a $100,000 contract to the winners of Cycle 1 through 3 of Canada’s Next Top Model, wherein Andrea Muizelaar, Rebecca Hardy and Meaghan Waller won the prize. ————————————————- [edit]Controversies [edit]Price fixing In April 2011, P&G was fined 211.2m euros by the European Commission for establishing a price-fixing cartel in Europe along with Unilever, who was fined 104m euros, and Henkel (not fined). Though the fine was set higher at first, it was discounted by 10% after P&G and Unilever admitted running the cartel. As the provider of the tip-off leading to investigations, Henkel was not fined.[20] [edit]Toxic shock syndrome and tampons Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a disease caused by strains of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Most people have these bacteria living in their bodies as harmless commensals in places such as the nose, skin, and vagina. The disease can strike anyone, not only women, but the disease is often associated with tampons. In 1980, 814 menstrual-related TSS cases were reported; 38 deaths resulted from the disease. The majority of women in these cases were documented as using super-absorbent synthetic tampons, particularly the Rely tampon created by Procter & Gamble.[21] The Rely tampon was so super-absorbent that one by itself could in fact hold one  woman’s entire menstrual period flow. Unlike other tampons made of cotton and rayon, Rely used carboxymethylcellulose and compressed beads of polyester for absorption. In the summer of 1980 the Centers for Disease Control released a report explaining how these bacterial mechanisms were leading to TSS. They also stated that the Rely tampon was associated with TSS more than any other brand of tampon. In September 1980, Procter & Gamble voluntarily recalled its Rely brand of tampons from the market and agreed to provide for a program to notify consumers. Since the 1980s, reported cases of TSS have dramatically decreased.[22] [edit]Animal testing On June 30, 1999, Procter & Gamble announced that it would limit its animal testing practices to its food and drug products which represents roughly 80% of its product portfolio.[23] The company invested more than $275 million in the development of alternative testing methods.[24] Procter & Gamble has received criticism from animal advocacy group PETA for the practice of testing on animals.[25] [edit]Other products In December 2005, the Pharmaceutical division of P&G was involved in a dispute over research involving its osteoporosis drug Actonel. The case was discussed in the media.[26] In October 2007, a class action lawsuit was filed in the State of Georgia alleging that many users of Crest Pro-Health mouthwash, with the active ingredient Cetylpyridinium chloride, suffered stained teeth and loss of their sense of taste as a result.[27] Procter & Gamble contends that these side effects occur in only three percent of users.[27] The suit seeks to include disclosure warning users of these side effects on product packaging. [edit]Logo controversy Former P&G logo P&G’s former logo originated in 1851 as a crude cross that barge workers on the Ohio River painted on cases of P&G star candles to identify them. P&G later changed this symbol into a trademark that showed a man in the moon overlooking 13 stars, said to commemorate the original 13 colonies.[28] The company received unwanted media publicity in the 1980s when rumors spread that the moon-and-stars logo was a satanic symbol. The accusation was based on a particular passage in the Bible, specifically Revelation 12:1, which  states: â€Å"And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a womanclothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of 12 stars.† P&G’s logo consisted of a man’s face on the moon surrounded by 13 stars, and some claimed that the logo was a mockery of the heavenly symbol alluded to in the aforementioned verse, thus construing the logo to be satanic. Where the flowing beard meets the surrounding circle, three curls were said to be a mirror image of the number 666, or the reflected number of the beast. At the top and bottom, the hair curls in on itself, and was said to be the two horns like those of a ram. These interpretations have been denied by company officials, and no evidence linking the company to the Church of Satan or any other occult organization has ever been presented. The company unsuccessfully sued Amway from 1995 to 2003 over rumors forwarded through a company voicemail system in 1995. In 2011 the company successfully sued individual Amway distributors for reviving and propagating the false rumors.[29] The moon-and-stars logo was discontinued in 1985 as a result of the controversy.[30] ————————————————- [edit]Notes 1. ^ a b c d e f â€Å"2011 Earnings Report, The Procter & Gamble Company†. The Procter & Gamble Company. Retrieved May 6, 2012. 2. ^ â€Å"Procter & Gamble board meets amid CEO reports†.Boston Herald. Associated Press. June 9, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 3. ^ â€Å"P&G Ranks 5th Overall, 1st in Our Industry and a â€Å"Green Star† Among Fortune Magazine’s World’s Most Admired Companies† (Press release). Procter & Gamble. March 3, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 4. ^ Dyer, Davis; Dalzell, Frederick; Olegario, Rowena (2004).Rising Tide: Lessons from 165 Years of Brand Building at Procter & Gamble. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-59139-147-4. 5. ^ Wherrity, Constance (February 21, 2006). â€Å"Dial Agrees to Buy P&G Deodorant Brands†. Pierce Mattie Public Relations New York blog. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 6. ^ â€Å"P&G Must Proceed With Caution†. Marketing Doctor Blog. July 10, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 7. ^ â€Å"How To Lea rn From GE and P&G When The World Is About To Change†. Marketing Doctor Blog. June 6, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 8. ^ Horstman, Barry M (October 11, 2005). â€Å"John G. Hankus: He rebuilt P&G – and city, too†. The Cincinnati  Post. Archived from the original on April 5, 2005. 9. ^ Cordieiro, Anjali; Loftus, Peter (August 25, 2009). â€Å"Warner Chilcott to pay $3.1 for P&G’s drug business†. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 10. ^ â€Å"Dimitri Panayotopoulos: Vice chairman†. Pg.com. Retrieved February 15, 2012. 11. ^ â€Å"Board Composition: business leaders, law, American Express†. Pg.com. Retrieved February 15, 2012. 12. ^ â€Å"P&G Views | P&G News | Events, Multimedia, Public Relations† (Press release). Pg.com. December 31, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012. 13. ^ â€Å"Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada’s Top 100 Employers Competition†. 14. ^ Sellers, Patricia (May 5, 2011). â€Å"P&G rates an â€Å"A† for board diversity†. CNN Money. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 15. ^ â€Å"U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, Global Trust members†. Usglc.org. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 16. ^ â€Å"Dawn†. Dawn-dish.com. R etrieved May 5, 2012. 17. ^ â€Å"Dancing tampons†. Wired. July 26, 2000. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 18. ^ Levine, Robert (July 7, 2008). â€Å"It’s American Brandstand: Marketers Underwrite Performers†. New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 19. ^ â€Å"P&G Must Proceed With Caution†. Marketing Doctor Blog. July 10, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 20. ^ â€Å"Unilever and Procter & Gamble in price fixing fine†. BBC News. April 13, 2011. 21. ^ Mikkelson, Barbara; Mikkelson, David (December 31, 2005 December 31). â€Å"Tampax Pearl†. Snopes.com. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 22. ^ Mcpherson, Marianne (March 2005). â€Å"Sexual Anatomy, Reproduction, and the Menstrual Cycle†. Boston Women’s Health Book Collective. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 23. ^ Canedy, Dana (July 1, 1999). â€Å"P.& G. to End Animal Tests For Most Consumer Goods†. The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 24. ^ â€Å"Animal Welfare and Alternatives†. Procter & Gamble. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 25. ^ Liddick, Don (2006). Eco-terrorism: radical environmental and animal liberation movements. Praeger Publishers.ISBN 978-0-275-98535-6. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 26. ^ â€Å"Collated Media Reports†. Thejabberwock.org. July 7, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 27. ^ a b â€Å"In The Superior Court Of Richmond County† (PDF). Retrieved February 15, 2012. 28. ^ â€Å"Procter and Gamble v. Amway 242 F.3d 539†. U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit. February 14, 2001. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 29. ^ â€Å"Procter & Gamble Wins Satanic Civil Suit†. CBS Money Watch. February 11, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2012. 30. ^ Witt, Howard (April 25, 1985). â€Å"Corporate news: Procter symbol succumbs to devilish rumor†. Chicago Tribune. ————————————————- [edit]External links | Cincinnati portal| | Ohio portal| | Companies portal| | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Procter & Gamble| * Official website [show] * v * t * eProcter & Gamble Co.| | [show] * v * t * eComponents of the Dow Jones Industrial Average| | [show] * v * t * ePharmaceutical companies of the United States| | [show] * v * t * eSelected Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family| | View page ratings Rate this page What’s this? 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