Psychology Free Essays

string(168) " By using two images of the same scene obtained from slightly different angles, it is possible to triangulate the distance to an object with a high degree of accuracy\." The Use of Depth Perception in Advertising: Local and International Scenario i The Use of Depth Perception in Advertising: Local and International Scenario Prepared for: Dr. Nasreen Wadud (Course Instructor) Course: Psychology (C103) Prepared by: GROUP-B Saleh Mohammad, ZR-04 Saba Hossain Khan, RQ-07 Sheikh Ashraful Abedin, ZR-11 Abdullah-Al-Azad, ZR-49 BBA 16th Batch Date of Submission: December 15, 2008 Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Dhaka University (DU) ii Institute of Business Administration Dhaka University December 15, 2008 Dr. Nasreen Wadud Course Instructor Introduction to Psychology Dear Madam: Here is the report on the use of depth perception in advertising that you asked us to conduct on November 12, 2008 Our study of various advertisements reveal the use of Binocular Disparity and Monocular cues in advertising. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The report shows that depth perception is a vital part of marketing a product and is used extensively in advertising a brand. Preparing this report has been an important experience for us, as we have learnt about an application of psychology in the real business world through it. We appreciate your teaching us such an important area of psychology. Sincerely yours, _________________________________ Saleh Mohammad (ZR-04) __________________________________ Saba Hossain Khan (RQ-07) __________________________________ Sheikh Ashraful Abedin (ZR-11) __________________________________ Abdullah- Al-Azad (ZR-49) iii Table of contents Section Title Page No. Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1. 1 Origin Of The Report 1. 2 Objective 1. 3 Limitations 1. 4 Methodology 2. Depth Perception 2. 1 Binocular Disparity: 2. 1. 1 Retinal Disparity 2. 1. 2 Convergence 2. 2 Monocular Cues: 2. 2. 1 Interposition 2. 2. 2 Texture Gradient 2. 2. 3 Relative Size 2. 2. 4 Height Cues 2. 2. Peripheral Vision 3. Ap plication In Advertisement 3. 1 Local Advertisements 3. 1. 1 Rangs Properties Limited 3. 1. 2 Djuice vi 01 01 01 01 01 02 02 02 03 03 03 03 04 04 05 06 06 06 07 iv 3. 1. 3 Bbc Bangla 3. 1. 4 Aktel Postpaid 1 Tk/Min 3. 1. 5 Aktel 30 Paisa/Min 3. 1. 6 Banglalink Gsm Yellow Pages 3. 1. 7 Aktel Care Line 3. 2 International Advertisements 3. 2. 1 Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund 3. 2. 2 Mtv System Upgrade 3. 2. 3 Evlan Mineral Water 4. Conclusion 08 09 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 v Executive Summary Our study revealed that depth perception is used extensively in the advertising world. Depth Perception is what makes us perceive a two-dimensional picture into a threedimensional view. To perceive depth, we depend on two main sources of information: Binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires both eyes, and Monocular cues, which allow us to perceive depth with just one eye. Because human eyes are spaced about 7 cm (about 3 in) apart, the left and right retinas receive slightly different images. This difference in the left and right images is called binocular disparity. The brain integrates these two images into a single threedimensional image, allowing humans to perceive depth and distance. Under Binocular Disparity falls Retinal disparity and Convergence. If we try to see the world with one eye closed, we can still perceive distance. The sense of depth remains rich. A sharp sense of depth does emerge from a single twodimensional image. This is known as monocular cues. Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are included in Monocular Cues. Retinal disparity, Convergence, Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are used effectively on billboard to attract the general public and turn them into loyal customers. vi Use of Depth Perception in Advertising 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Origin of the report This report was assigned to Group B of BBA 16 th batch by Dr. Nasreen Wadud, course instructor of Introduction to Psychology. It has been prepared under the direct supervision of the course instructor and is submitted on December 15, 2008. 1. 2 Objective Depth perception, an important field of our study of psychology, is extensively used in advertising. Whether on billboards, in magazines, or in newspaper ads, the concept of depth perception is used everywhere. The purpose of this report is to find out and explain these uses. 1. 3 Limitations Due to lack of experience, we were unable to take interviews of the business personnel of marketing department of various companies. The interviews could have given us more important information on the application of depth perception in advertising. 1. 4 Methodology Website-Information on the theoretical aspect of depth perception and pictures are all collected from various websites (websites provided within the report). Newspaper-Scanned in pictures are used in the report from paper cuttings. 1 2. DEPTH PERCEPTION Depth perception is the ability to see the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance. The images projected on each retina are two dimensional but we are able to see everything in three dimension. Brain merges the separate two-dimensional images to form a three-dimensional view of the world. To perceive depth, we depend on two main sources of information: Binocular disparity, a depth cue that requires both eyes, and Monocular cues, which allow us to perceive depth with just one eye. 2. 1 Binocular Disparity: Because human eyes are spaced about 7 cm (about 3 in) apart, the left and right retinas receive slightly different images. This difference in the left nd right images is called binocular disparity. The brain integrates these two images into a single threedimensional image, allowing humans to perceive depth and distance. Although binocular disparity is a very useful depth cue, it is only effective over a fairly short range—less than 3 m (10 ft). As our distance from objects increases, the binocular disparity decreases—that is, the images received by ea ch retina become more and more similar. Therefore, for distant objects, your perceptual system cannot rely on binocular disparity as a depth cue. 2. 1. 1 Retinal disparity Animals that have their eyes placed frontally can also use information derived from the different projection of objects onto each retina to judge depth. By using two images of the same scene obtained from slightly different angles, it is possible to triangulate the distance to an object with a high degree of accuracy. You read "Psychology" in category "Essay examples" If an object is far away, the disparity of that image falling on both retinas will be small. If the object is close or near, the disparity will be large. It is stereopsis that tricks people into thinking they perceive 2 depth when viewing Magic Eyes, Autostereograms, 3D movies and stereoscopic photos. . 1. 2 Convergence This is a binocular oculomotor cue for distance/depth perception. By virtue of stereopsis the two eye balls focus on the same object, in doing so they converge. The convergence will stretch the extraocular muscles. Kinesthetic sensations from these extraocular muscles also help in depth/distance percepti on. The angle of convergence is smaller when the eye is fixating on far away objects. 2. 2 Monocular cues: If we try to see the world with one eye closed, we can still perceive distance. The sense of depth remains rich. It is surprising that how a sharp ense of depth does emerge from a single two-dimensional image. The answer lies in monocular cues. An artist who wishes to realistically portray depth on a two-dimensional canvas faces the problem similar to encoding depth on the two-dimensional retina. Some artists are amazingly adroit at doing so, using a variety of monocular cues to give their works a sense of depth. While there are many kinds of monocular cues, the most important are interposition, atmospheric perspective, texture gradient, linear perspective, size cues, height cues, depth from focus, peripheral vision, and motion parallax. 2. 2. Interposition Probably the most important monocular cue is interposition, or overlap. When one object overlaps or partly blocks our view of another object, we judge the covered object as being farther away from us. 2. 2. 2 Texture gradient An influential American psychologist, James J. Gibson, was among the first people to recognize the importance of texture gradient in perceiving depth. When we view a 3 surface from a slant rather than from a position orthogonal to the surface, we employ the sense of texture gradient. Most surfaces—such as the ground, a road, or a field of flowers—have a texture. The texture becomes denser and less detailed as the surface recedes into the background, and this information helps us to judge depth. For example, if a person looks at the floor or ground around him or her, he or she can notice that the apparent texture of the floor changes over distance. The texture of the floor near that person appears more detailed than the texture of the floor farther away. When objects are placed at different locations along a texture gradient, judging their distance from you becomes fairly easy. 2. 2. 3 Relative size Though the size of retinal image changes as an object moves closer to or farther from us, we perceive that the object is retaining its initial size. Taking into consideration the distance of the object enables us to sense that. Thus, if we assume that two objects are of the same size, we perceive the object that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away than the object that casts a larger retinal image. This depth cue is known as relative size, because we consider the size of an object? s retinal image relative to other objects when estimating its distance. Another depth cue involves the familiar size of objects. Through experience, we become familiar with the standard size of certain objects, such as houses, cars, airplanes, people, animals, books, and chairs. Knowing the size of these objects helps us judge our distance from them and from objects around them. For example, an automobile that is close to us looks larger than one that is far away; our visual system exploits the relative size of similar or familiar objects to judge distance. 2. 2. 4 Height cues We perceive points nearer to the horizon as more distant than points that are farther away from the horizon. This means that below the horizon, objects higher in the visual 4 ield appear farther away than those that are lower. Above the horizon, objects lower in the visual field appear farther away than those that are higher. 2. 2. 5 Peripheral vision At the outer extremes of the visual field, parallel lines become curved, as in a photo taken through a fish-eye lens. This effect, although it’s usually eliminated from both art and photos by the cropping or framing of a picture, greatly enhances the viewer’s sense of being positioned within a real, three dimensional spaces. 5 3. APPLICATION IN ADVERTISEMENT 3. 1 Local Advertisements 3. 1. Rangs Properties Limited Linear perspective: The two corners of the wall seem to join together in a distant point. It creates a sense of large space. The advertisement uses this cue to create an impression that the rooms are large and spacious. Interposition: Some objects are overlapping others blocking the viewer sight. It helps to determine the relative distance of the objects. The advertisement uses this cue to show the objects are kept at noticeable distance and it indicates there is space. Relative size: The sizes of the two guitars seem noticeably small compared to the table according to our experience. This cue makes us perceive a considerable distance between the table and the guitars to show the place is roomy. Texture gradient: The objects closer to the viewer have highly detailed texture where the farther objects and walls have vague textures. This cue also gives the feeling of considerable distance. Color vision: The guitars in the outlying side of the wall are dark in color where the closer objects like the top of the table and the closer curtain are light colored. The 6 curtain is orange colored (warm-pigment). This cue creates a sense of distance among the objects and enhances the spaciousness of the scenario. . 1. 2 Djuice Retinal disparity: The positions of the characters relative to the buildings give a sense of the whole picture being seen by the right eye. The viewer feels as if s/he were standing right to the closest model. „Right? is traditionally analogous to positive things and therefore things seen by the right eye are likely to produce good impression. Line ar perspective: The building at the left seems to expand toward one single point in the horizon and the building in the front also touches that point. It looks as if the buildings were expanding to join together in one point of distant horizon. The advertisement uses this cue to produce a sense of distance. Height cues: Buildings that stand high and look closer to the horizon seem farther and the clouds that are located lower to the ground and look closer to horizon seem to at greater distance. The advertisement uses this cue to create a sense of wide area. Texture gradient: The textures of closer objects, like the nearer models, are detailed but the objects far away are less detailed in texture. The models standing in remote buildings have no texture details. The advertisement uses texture gradient cue so that the viewers perceive a great distance. Linear perspective, height cues and texture gradients altogether creates a sense of a large space through which the advertisement expresses that no matter the distance, friends will always be together through the djuice network. Interposition: Some models and buildings are blocking view of other objects to give a sense that to viewer, they are closer than the objects they are co vering. This cue helps to realize the relative distance of different objects. 3. 1. 3 BBC Bangla Retinal disparity: The child looks like standing left to the viewer. The whole scene looks like seen by the left eye. The advertisement uses this cue to create a negative impression since „Left? is traditionally taken as related to negative things. Relative size: The size of the child in the picture is small compared to the brick he is supposed to carry. This cue of relative size creates a sense of burden. It indicates that the burden of child labor is heavy for the kid. Interposition: The view of the person putting the load is blocked by bricks. It shows that it is difficult to find out the presence of the person. This monocular cue indicates that people responsible for child labor are hidden and should be brought into light. Texture gradient: The textures of the bricks kept in the front and floor are detailed but the objects farther away have less detailed texture and are hazy. It gives a feeling of distance. It depicts the person putting the burden usually stays at a distance. 8 3. 1. 4 AKTEL postpaid 1 TK/min Retinal disparity: The whole picture in this advertisement presents itself in a way that looks like all the objects are located right to the observer. Most parts of the picture, especially the nearer buildings and the big „1? , look like being seen by the right eye. Traditionally „right? is considered parallel to good things. The advertisement uses this cue to create a positive impression among consumers. Linear perspective: All the buildings on both sides of the river look like traveling toward one point in the horizon. It gives a sense of great distance to viewer. Peripheral vision: The horizon looks curved. It also produces a sense of distance. Height cues: Buildings that are taller and closer to the horizon seem to be at greater distance than those with reduced height. The clouds that are closer to the horizon and lower look like farther than those far-away from horizon. The height cues give a sense of a wide area. Texture gradient: The objects (buildings and trees) closer to the viewers are highly detailed in texture where the remote objects have little detailed texture and their surface texture is dense. This cue gives sense of so many objects covered by the network. The linear perspective, peripheral vision, height cues, and texture gradient cues together indicate that a wide area and huge population is covered by the company? s? network. Relative Size: The „1? is noticeably huge compared to all other objects. The other important words are big as well. The relative size cue is used to give the offer emphasis. 9 Interposition: The „1? is covering many other parts of the picture and is located among the buildings. It gives a sense that the company has intimate relationship with the people. 3. 1. 5 AKTEL 30 paisa/min Relative size: The size of the models is large compared to surroundings. The advertisement clearly emphasizes the intimacy of their relationship. This cue is used to indicate that relationships are more important. Texture gradient: The nearer models and the grass is highly detailed in texture but the grass and trees near the horizon have less detailed texture, this indicates a distance among the objects. Peripheral visions: The horizon is curved and vague, indicates a distance. The texture gradient and peripheral visions cues are used to show that a large world of relationships is covered by the company? s network. Interposition: The girl is blocking our view of the boy; similarly the boy is blocking the view of the horizon. It enhances the sight of the models relative positions. This cue is used to show that the company cares more about the people. 3. 1. 6 Banglalink GSM Yellow Pages In the advertisement, there are examples of retinal disparity, interposition, relative size, texture gradient, and height cues. 0 The cover resembling a mobile phone is drawn in a way that it feels like being seen by the right eye. The right side indicates positive. Interposition is displayed as every page tag except the ones first inseries is being partially covered by another tag. It shows their distance from viewer and relative distances. The number 2727 is relatively larger than other numbers becaus e it is important. Relative size is used in this case. Height cues are displayed by using different heights for page numbers and the cover to show distance. 3. 1. AKTEL Care Line Retinal disparity: The headphones? position is rotated in such a way that it seems to be seen by the right eye. It indicates that the object is right to the person seeing it. Traditionally we relate „right? to good things; therefore, the advertisement uses this cue to produce positive impression among the people. Relative Size: The right earpiece appears to be bigger than the left one. Again, „right? is associated to positive, so the advertisement employs this cue of relative size to create a good impression. 11 Interposition: The words „123 Aktel Care Line? re covering the left earpiece, indicating that it is at a greater distance. The right earpiece is similarly blocking our view of those words, meaning that it is closer to us. Again, the advertisement is emphasizing right over left to t he viewers which gives a sense of inclination toward positive things. 3. 2 International Advertisements 3. 2. 1 Red Cross Disaster Relief Fund Top half: Here the perception of convergence is used by showing that a natural calamity can affect wide areas and take many lives. The truck is the closest object which overlaps the buildings. Then some buildings are blocking others. This is an example of using interposition to show that calamity affects wide area. Texture gradient is used by presenting a clearer view of the front sides of the buildings than the sides which are farther. The relative size of cars is used to show distance. They look smaller with the distance. The rate of decrease shows the velocity of destruction. Bottom Half: The scenario looks like seen by the left eye. Retinal disparity is used here to show calamity is disastrous as left eye indicates negativity. The truck is closer, it itself and the company logo both receives emphasis. This effect is created by using interposition. The texture closer to the truck is more detailed. The haziness of the building texture shows distance depicts wide area of destruction. 12 The size of the building is relatively small which symbolizes distance and a wide area of destruction. This is done by using relative size. 3. 2. 2 MTV System Upgrade In this advertisement of MTV, the concept of texture gradient is used to show different distance. Different texture is used on the letter â€Å"M† in order to create a three dimensional effect. 3. . 3 Evlan Mineral Water In this advertisement, texture gradient is used to distinguish between people in different positions. People who are nearer can be identified better. On the other hand those who are farther cannot be identified easily as their presence is blurred. The concept of relative size is used as the things perceived nearer are relatively big in size. The things which are smaller are perceived as being farther. 13 4. CONCLU SION Depth Perception is what makes us perceive a two-dimensional picture into a threedimensional view. Therefore, marketers can use this psychological ability of human beings to advertise their products effectively, especially on billboards. In Bangladesh, the most widely advertised product is the mobile phone network. Telecom companies such as Grameenphone, Banglalink, Aktel, etc. undertake various promotional offers regularly. These include discount offers and special offers. So they need to change the billboards on a regular basis. Depth perception is used in these to make each advertisement stand out and reach the public. Our study revealed that depth perception is used extensively in the advertising world. Retinal disparity, Convergence, Interposition, Texture gradient, Relative size, Height cues, Peripheral vision are used effectively on billboard to attract the general public and turn them into loyal customers of the respective product. 14 Sources Theories Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Depth_perception MSN Encarta: http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761571997_4/Perception_(psychology). ht ml Images http://www. banglalinkgsm. com/img/yellow_pages. jpg http://www. aktel. com. bd/themes/images/91. jpg http://www. aktel. com/latest_images/currentPrpmo/reg_march08. JPG http://www. aktel. com/latest_images/currentPrpmo/pospaid_24july. jpg http://www. toxel. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/uad17. jpg http://z. about. com/d/goeurope/1/5/N/V/advertisement. jpg http://www. slipperybrick. com/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/imaginative-legoclever-advertisement. jpg http://weburbanist. com/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/guerilla-red-cross-disaster- relief-advertisement. jpg http://www. lakewoodconferences. com/direct/dbimage/50315608/Printed_Advertis ement_Products. jpg http://img2. timeinc. net/ew/dynamic/imgs/070823/mtv_l. jpg 15 How to cite Psychology, Essay examples Psychology Free Essays Today’s teenagers are motivated in making differences in the community. It is seen that teenagers today do not rely mostly on technology, and they spend almost their entire lifetime on social networks like Backbone and Twitter. They believe in popularity, and this is the reason many ensure that they have as many friends as possible on social networks. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, the teenagers constantly compete with others in terms of who understands technology better than the other. Consequently, the number of teenagers using social networks and internet has increased drastically over the years. The research shows that almost 85% teenagers in the United States are on social networks. The teenagers today who are between the ages of 15 to 20 years are the last cohorts of the generation( Stash,2011) . They are digital natives, and the changing technology has transformed their way of life in politics and their future possibilities. Technology has also changed the way that teenagers view life and politics. The economy is changing on a daily basis, and life is no longer the same. Consequently, teenagers are growing towards the age of austerity, and they are also facing increasing education and high costs on education and competitive labor market in the current generation. Moreover, teenagers today are apathetic, narcissistic and selfish, and they are easily affected by peer pressure. According to the study, teenagers easily involve themselves in drugs, criminal acts and sexual acts due to the influence from the surrounding. For instance, the fashion is changing with mime, and teenagers are largely affected by the changing fashions, and teenagers believe that fashion determines how an individual is exposed to the changing life trends. The other increasing trend among the current teenagers is smoking. From the statistic, about 4 million teenagers from the age of 15 years to 19 years are smokers. The incidence of smoking among teenagers has increased from the sass (Birdseed, 2012). However, the high rate of smoking is attributed to the changes in peer pressure among the teenagers. Additionally, teenagers today are also motivated to sake changes in the community. They do not rely on politics or others to solve their problems. However, they roll up their sleeves and power up their machines (laptops) and smart phones to solve their problems using the crowd-sourced collaboration. The teenagers largely trust the information they retrieve from the internet compared to the information they are given by people. The teenagers are also accustomed to high speed and responsiveness, and if they are provided with the right opportunities and support, the teenagers can transform the notions and expectations of active testimonies. In the 19th century, teenagers observed the respect towards the elders. It was considered as the greatest offense when a teenager was reported to be disrespectful. However, things have currently changed among the teenagers. As a result of the transition, teenagers are manipulative, disrespectful and out of control. This has contributed to the emergence of many unexpected behaviors among the teenagers, like high drug abuse, rape and cases of murder. Moreover, teenagers today live healthy, prosperous and promising lives compared to the past lives. Currently, parents are committed to giving their kids the best lives, and they choose to do everything to ensure they are comfortable ( Bistros, 2013). Another common characteristic among the teenagers is the changing education system across the world. Today, teenagers are studying more courses in core academic subjects together with the challenging courses. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays According to the article, â€Å"What is Psychology? † by Kenned Cherry, Psychology is simply defined as the study of human mind and behavior. Psychology Is a very controversial topic because it relates to many field of study and also often used in daily life. In addition, psychology can be divided into many categories and areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Also, psychology has many major theories and these theories represent the different schools of thought. The schools of thought Includes structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, and cosmogonist. Each of these schools has different roles. Structuralism was the first school of thought in psychology but it’s not considered to be the most dominant school of thought today. The most dominant school of thought today is humanism or humanistic psychology. Humanism is the psychological view of human beings’ thoughts, behavior and their uniqueness. Furthermore, humanistic psychology helped people to be happy and reach their full potential. Also, it is very commonly used today and made a positive impact on other areas of psychology. Based on the article, ‘Why We Lie† by Dan Rarely, the two opposing motivations that drive everyone decisions whether how much we cheat or lie are obviously when people acts to be â€Å"good† In the society to get whatever they want whether its money or fame. At the same time, nowadays people especially want to consider themselves as honorable and honest as possible. Simply put, when the opportunity is given, everyone cheats and become dishonest. The reason why is because people want to benefit from things even if there is a cost to pay. According to Salesman’s Ted Talk, the three forms of happiness are synthetic happiness, natural happiness, and also real happiness. Dan Gilbert refers to the term â€Å"synthetic happiness† to be the psychological Immune system because we human beings have our own ways to feel better about the world that we live in. We have our own thoughts and uniqueness which makes us different. Moreover, he also stated that synthesis happiness is happiness that what we make that we don’t usually want. On the other hand, natural happiness is exactly the opposite. Natural happiness is peppiness where we get what we want (according to Dan). For example, having freedom wealth you Is considered as Natural happiness. Furthermore, the last form of happiness is the overall true or real happiness. Real happiness is the happiness where you are completely satisfied with your life and where you find peace with yourself and also others. Cherry, Kenned. â€Å"Learn the Basics of Psychology. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays Reflection Paper on RA 10029 (The Act Professionalizing the practice of Psychology) 1. As a Psychology student, how does the RA 10029 create an impact in your career and in the practice of Psychology in general? As a Psychology student, the RA 10029 really changes my expectations about the field of Psychology. Before I enter in this kind of field, I assure to myself that being a Psychologist has a long time running through before you achieved it. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now When I knew this kind of law, it comes to my mind that being Psychometricians and Psychologists are not just ordinary course but extra ordinary because it requires lot of determination, assiduity, patience and it was so flexible course that are suitable in job opportunities. This law also gives me an option to I want to pursue like if I want to be a Psychometrician, I have to pass the licensure exam or if I want to be in the field of med. I am exempted to take the licensure exam but my plan is to take and pass the licensure exam and get a Masteral Degree. This RA 10029 really helped me to plan for my future. 2. How do you think the RA 10029 will create an impact to the society in relation to understanding and embracing Psychology? For me the big impacts that RA 10029 create in the Philippines are the scope of time and money needed in pursuing the field of Psychology because for me studying is not a problem but the time and money matters most in pursuing this kind of course. But all of those are worth it because Psychologists can help our society development. With this kind of law Psychologists will be more educated, competent, provide a high standards of psychological practice and services to our fellowmen, and it helps Psychology takers to be well trained. If the country will produce high quality Psychometricians and Psychologists, it will be easier for us to compete with other countries. This law also provides a strong bond of Psychology Associations in the Philippines because they created a Professional Regulatory Board of Psychology that provide a quality officers that may help the field of Psychology to be more accurate and monitor the field of Psychology. This law not only helps an individual growth but also helps our society. 3. How did you begin to think differently about Psychology? After I knew this law before taking up this course I think very differently when I first met this field. Before I knew that it was a cheap or easy field but I’m wrong because it was actually an extra ordinary field that can shapes me a lot. Before, I thought that once I finished my four years Bachelors Degree in Psychology, I am already a psychology but the truth is no. RA 10029 really helps me to partially decide what I want to be in the field of Psychology and it gives lots of determination in my mind to pursue what I want to be in Psychology. 4. Insights and realizations I realized that Psychology is an outstanding and flexible field. I have insights that I am on a right track because I understand what Psychology was. This law RA 10029 is also an implication that our government is providing a good quality education and aims to produce competitive professionals that can be a solution of poverty in the Philippines and this kind of field is growing and invades our country. I realized that Psychology has a lot time and money to spend but all of it was worth it if we used it not just for our own good but also for the sake of Filipino society. How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays Distinguish between operant conditioning, observational learning, and social learning. How are these different kinds of learning utilized in the work place? Give specific examples for each one. I think an example of a voluntary unpleasant consequence in a work place could be if you are getting yelled at by someone and you think before you speak and still decide it would be okay to yell back. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now They watch what people do and if they get into trouble, they don’t do what that person did. But if that person stays out of trouble and gets praised, you would want to do the same things they are doing. Social learning is also learning by observation but it has more emotion and behavior. You might see how your co-works or bosses react to their responsibilities and if they react negatively you might act the same way if you have to do those duties. 2. )How is prejudice developed and nurtured through classical and operant conditioning? Give specific examples that demonstrate each kind of learning. Classical conditioning is involuntary responses and operant conditioning is voluntary but we are rewarded or punished for our behavior. Classical: You could be overhearing people talk bad about someone and automatically think those people are not the type you would want to be friends with since they are talking bad about someone. Or you can just hear rumors about someone and automatically not like that person. 3. )You are scheduled to present the results of your work on creating a new software program for your company.  What memory techniques will you use in order to be free of too much dependence on notes and PowerPoint slides? Be specific as to how you will relate the technique to the content of the presentation. 4. )Name and describe the three qualities of emotional intelligence according to Goleman. If you were interviewing applicants for a position in your company and wanted to know whether they had emotional intelligence, how would you go about discovering that? Would you do that in an interview or by some other means? How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays What are the five steps of the scientific method? *problem: Stated as a question*Hypothesis: a scientific or educational guess. *Materials: list all the materials that are used in the experiment. *Procedures: list step by step directions needed to be followed for this experiment. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now *Results/Conclusion: re- state your problem/question then answer your hypothesis. Gather together all your information. 2. What basic question Is at the heart of the nature-nurture controversy? The question Is whether who you are and what you become Is a result of biology and genetics, or nature or the environment In which we are raised or nurture. 3. Give an example of discontinuity and continuity as it relates to your development. For example of continuity: a child learns to crawl, and then to stand and then to walk. For example of discontinuity: children go from only being able to think in very literal terms to being able to think abstractly 4. What does It mean to say that development Is multicultural? TLS means that development occurs In many contexts, Including physical surroundings and family arrangements. It is important to consider the systems that surround each person just as a naturalist examines the ecology or interrelationship of each organism and its environment. Erie Frontbencher proposed this idea. 5. How does the study of development relate to your future profession? This study relates to my future profession because I would need to be able to know the different hypes of people who I will be dealing with and also being able to understand that know one person is from the same place/background. 6. From your perspective, what are the potential consequence of the concept, M)LO†? Provide a specific example. I think when people think of YOLK then they tend to do knowing that the consequences can go either bad or not bad . Doing crime can lead a person in Jail or getting away and doing drugs can lead to many bad outcomes or not getting harmed . How to cite Psychology, Papers Psychology Free Essays BF Skinner has made an important contribution to the study of learning by his work on another form of conditioning called operant or instrumental conditioning. He distinguishes between respondent behavior and operant behavior, the former being elicited by specific stimuli and the latter being emitted spontaneously by the organism, such as the random pecking behavior of pigeons. Operant conditioning operates on the environment and the learned behavior is instrumental in controlling events. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Skinner’s view of operant conditioning is that it is not a sequence of stimulus-response connections, but rather that behavior is spontaneously emitted by the organism. He tends to disregard the role of stimuli (Quinn, 2000). A desired target behavior can then be reinforced, which increases the likelihood of this behavior can be punished, which decreases the likelihood of this behavior in the future. Positive reinforcement increases the target behavior by rewarding the individual. This reward can be tangible (money, a treat) or intangible (praise, an approving look). Importantly, what is rewarding to each individual may be different. A lot of people puzzle negative reinforcement with punishment. Negative reinforcement, however, increases the target behavior, while punishment has the opposite effect (Vito, Maahs, Holmes, 2006). Superstitious behavior can be established by accidental positive reinforcement contingencies. Escape behavior can also be involved in an accidental or superstitious contingency when a response is followed by removal or reduction of a negative reinforce. The response, however, is only accidentally or coincidentally associated with removal of the stimulus, and its removal is not contingent on performance of the escape performance (Sundel Sundel, 2005). Unlike reinforcement, punishment reduces the odds of the target behavior being repeated. Through experimentation with both animals and humans, behaviorists have developed a knowledge base about the most effective way to condition behavior. One golden rule is that the consistency of reinforcement and punishment matters more than severity. Indeed, parental use of harsh but inconsistent punishment is a good predictor of delinquent behavior. Additionally, reinforcement shapes behavior more efficiently than punishment – psychologists recommend that reinforcers outnumber punishers by a ration of four to one. Finally, both punishment and reinforcement should follow quickly after the target behavior (Vito et al., 2006). References: Quinn, F. M. (2000). The Principles and Practice of Nurse Education (4th ed.). London: Nelson Thomes. Sundel, M., Sundel, S. S. (2005). Behavior Change in the Human Services: Behavioral and Cognitive Principles and Applications (5th ed.). New York: SAGE. Vito, G. F., Maahs, J. R., Holmes, R. M. (2006). Criminology: Theory, Research, and Policy (2nd ed.). New York: Jones Bartlett Publishers.       How to cite Psychology, Essay examples